GP 167 Halla Unsarve
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Parish Find Location ⓘHalla
Find Location ⓘIn the meadow Krämpar, 500 m north of Unsarve.
Find Context Classification ⓘAgricultural Field
Present Location Classification ⓘGotlands Museum Fornsalen
Coordinate Present Location (lat) ⓘ6393355
Coordinate Present Location (long) ⓘ696536
MaterialLimestone
Height ⓘ34
Width ⓘ40
Thickness ⓘ12
Lindqvist Type E (ca. 1000-1150)
Lindqvist Shape Cist stone
Runic Inscription or not ⓘYes
Runic Inscription ⓘ… (l)ikmuntaʀ : i slitaka--… …
Old West Norse
… Líknmundar í Slítagǫ[rðum]/Slitegårds …
Runic Swedish
… Liknmundaʀ i Slitaga[rðum]/Slitegårds …
English
… of Líknmundr in Slítagardir/Slitegårds …
Swedish
… Likmunds i Slitegårds …
Quote from Runor
Context and Discovery ⓘThe stone was found in the 1870’s by the farmer P. A. Hellgren when he cultivated a meadow called Krämpar, which earlier had belonged to Granskogs in Halla. Slitegårds, which probably is referred to in the runic inscription and is located just north of Granskogs. Unsarve and Granskogs are neighbouring farms on each side of the border between the parishes Halla and Dalhem. The meadow Krämpar is situated 500 m north of Unsarve, to the west of the road between Dalhem and Kräklingbo. The name Krämpar is not in use any longer, but Elisabeth Svärdström tells in Gotlands runinskrifter II that an old man remembered that the name was use in his youth for some poor soils in that area. The fragment earlier belonged to the collections of Visby högre allmänna läroverk (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 67; GR II, pp. 10–11). There is a drawing by Olof Sörling dated 1913–14, complemented with handwritten notes (by another hand?) about the runes, as well as photos from 1920 by Sune Lindqvist, from 1922 by John W. Hamner and from 1933 by Harald Faith-Ell. On the two latter, we see the carving filled in with white colour (Run- och bildstenssamlingen, ATA).
Halla parish has no fewer than 29 known picture stones, covering all types from A–E (GP 142–170). At Unsarve, there is a prehistoric grave field with round stone settings, some of them with spherical grave markers, and remains of prehistoric and/or medieval settlement (Fornsök).
LKÅGP 142 Halla Broa VIIGP 143 Halla Broa IGP 144 Halla Broa VGP 145 Halla Broa VIGP 146 Halla Broa VIIIGP 147 Halla Broa XGP 148 Halla Broa XIXGP 149 Halla Broa IXGP 150 Halla Broa XVIGP 151 Halla Broa XXGP 152 Halla HallegårdaGP 153 Halla kyrka 2GP 154 Halla Broa 21GP0155GP 156 Halla Broa XIGP 157 Halla Broa XIIGP 158 Halla Broa XIVGP 159 Halla kyrka (I)GP 160 Halla Broa IIGP 161 Halla Broa IIIGP 162 Halla Broa IVGP 163 Halla Broa XIIIGP 164 Halla Broa XVGP 165 Halla Broa XVIIGP 166 Halla Broa XVIIIGP 168 Halla kyrka 3GP 169 Halla kyrka 4GP 170 Halla kyrka 5
Measurements, Material and Condition ⓘYellowish-grey limestone. Fragment, height 0.34 m, width 0.40 m (the original width c. 0.50 m), thickness 0.09–0.12 m. The height of the runes is 5 cm. The fragment is the top of a small cist stone (GR II, p. 10). The obverse is hewn flat and polished, the other broad side also worked, albeit less completely. The narrow sides are dressed along their full width, crosswise slightly convex. The distance between the tip and the horizontal line below the animal is 29 cm. Decorated with 3-mm wide lines that generally have rounded bases. No drill was used (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 67).
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Description of Ornament and Images ⓘThe front has a rune band along the edge. In the field inside the band, there is a backwards-looking four-footed runic animal in runestone style above a horizontal border (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 67; GR II, p. 10).
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Interpretation of the Imagery ⓘThe picture stone has been interpreted as a cist stone. At the time of writing Gotlands Bildsteine, Sune Lindqvist regarded the cist stones as memorials for women (Lindqvist 1941–42 I, p. 59), but later he turned to regard them as cists for votive offerings and suggested that the cist stones might show events in the neighbourhood (Lindqvist 1964, p. 82). Lindqvist mentions our stone from Halla Unsarve in relation to, e.g., GP 341 Sanda kyrka I and GP 201 Hemse Annexhemman I (Lindqvist 1964, p. 76). The relation between cist stones and women has later been further investigated in light of wagon graves, and it has been suggested that there may be a connection between the shape of the wagon basket and the shape of the cist stones (Snædal 2004, p. 60; 2010, p. 446; see GP 360 Sproge). More recently, it has been suggested that the small E-stones are churchyard monuments, analogous to early Christian grave monuments on Öland. This is supported by their size, the carvings that often are in relief and the find circumstances (GR I, pp. 49–50; Ljung 2016 I, p. 165–166).
The Unsarve stone is decorated with a backwards-looking four-footed animal. On Gotland, backwards-looking four-footed animals appear on the cist stones from Buttle Änge (GP 57, 59, 60). The backwards-looking animal is a common motif on Iron age and Viking age metal art as well, and can be seen for example on bracteates, fibulae and pendants (as examples of the latter, we might mention the pendants from Bringetofta, Jönköpings län (Jönköpings läns museum, inv.nr JM.16887:25) and Tuna in Alsike parish in Uppland (SHM 9404)). Four-footed animals appear on a large number of runestones, about a hundred. In the 11th century, we find the particular backwards-looking variant in Urnes style for example on some runestones in Uppland (U 428, U 449, U 955, U 980 and U Fv1955; 219), where we also find the best parallels to the Unsarve stone in some stones carved by the well-known rune-carver Fot. The backwards-looking four-footed animal can also be found on runestones in Närke (Nä 34), Hälsingland (Hs 14) and Öland (Öl Fv1911;274B). In a runestone context, the four-footed runic animal variously has been interpreted as a dragon, lion (e.g., Fuglesang 1980, p. 176; 2001, p. 169, p. 173; NIyR 1, p. 163) or wolf (e.g. Källström 2016, p. 269; 2021, p. 48–49; for a summary of earlier interpretations, see Oehrl 2011, pp. 48ff.). Sigmund Oehrl has discussed the motif in the light of illustrations in medieval Continental manuscripts and finds it likely that the four-footed animal in many cases probably signifies the Fenris wolf, as a symbol of demon powers, Ragnarök and the end of time – especially when appears in fetters (Oehrl 2006; 2011, pp. 289–293).
LKÅGP 341 Sanda kyrka I GP 201 Hemse Annexhemman IGP 360 Sproge kyrkaGP0057GP0059GP0060
Runic Context and Comments ⓘThe runic inscription was investigated by Otto von Friesen in 1922 and by Elias Wessén in 1944 (GR II, pp. 10–11). The name Líknmundr is only known from Gotland, where it is also found on a grave slab in Tofta church (G 198) and as a name of a farm, Likmunds, in Gerum parish. The site Slitegårds in Dalhem parish is situated a little less than 1 km north-west of Granskogs and equally far to the north-east of Unsarve (GR II, p. 11).
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Type and Dating ⓘType E, cist stone. Pr4, c. 1070–1100 AD (Gräslund 2006, p. 126).
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References ⓘLindqvist 1941/42 I, Fig. 173, II, p. 67–68, Fig. 401; 1964, p. 76; GR II, G 141; Snædal 2002, p. 76.
Ängen Krämpar, 500 m norr om Unsarve.
Nuvarande förvaringsplats
Gotlands museum, i Bildstenshallen.
Datering
Sen vikingatid, ca 1070-1100 e.Kr.
Beskrivning
Fragment av bildsten med runinskrift som troligen utgjort en del av ett gravmonument, möjligen en del av en kista. Längs övre kanten av stenen finns en runinskrift. Nedanför skriftbandet står ett bakåtblickande fyrfota djur i runstensstil. Bildfältet avgränsas nedtill av ett band.
Inskrift: … Likmunds i Slitegårds …
Tolkning
Kiststenar tolkades i äldre tid som offerkistor för votivgåvor. Det har också föreslagits att de har ett samband med kvinnogravar. Det är troligt att det är ett kyrkogårdsmonument, dvs en minnessten som skapats för att stå på kyrkogården. Bakåtblickande fyrfotadjur är ett motiv som förekommer även på metallkonst under yngre järnålder och vikingatid, t.ex. på hängen och fibulor. Vi ser det även på bildstenar (kiststenar) från Buttle Änge. Ett bakåtblickande fyrfotadjur i Urnesstil liknande den på stenen från Unsarve förekommer på flera runstenar i Uppland. Fyrfotadjuret på runstenar har tolkats som drake, lejon eller som en varg – närmare bestämt Fenrisulven. Som Fenrisulv kan motivet vara en symbol för onda makter, Ragnarök och tidens slut.
Namnet Likmunds är bara känt från Gotland. Gården Slitegårds ligger ca 1 km norr om Unsarve.
LKÅ
TitleGP 167 Halla Unsarve
Gotlands Museum ID ⓘC399
Jan Peder Lamm ID122
Lindqvist Title ⓘHalla, Unsarve [Dalhem, Slitegårds]
Runverket ID ⓘG 141
Last modifed Oct 21, 2024 Developer Data Identifier: GP0167-3DID: 46993D-modelPart 1 depth:https://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/original/7bccfa376a41018630675b8ad012e9b500b942a8.nxzPart 1 RGB:https://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/original/e0926a87cdbb2cf5731e80c3a1ed1b451529aa96.nxz