[ { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2196", "@type": [ "o:Item", "dctype:PhysicalObject" ], "o:id": 2196, "o:is_public": true, "o:owner": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/users/1", "o:id": 1 }, "o:resource_class": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_classes/32", "o:id": 32 }, "o:resource_template": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_templates/2", "o:id": 2 }, "o:thumbnail": null, "o:title": "GP 150 Halla Broa XVI", "thumbnail_display_urls": { "large": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/large/8bb5ab1fc0ac61f6dfc7a95ab3642d6c160035c1.jpg", "medium": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/medium/8bb5ab1fc0ac61f6dfc7a95ab3642d6c160035c1.jpg", "square": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/8bb5ab1fc0ac61f6dfc7a95ab3642d6c160035c1.jpg" }, "o:created": { "@value": "2023-03-07T10:42:11+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:modified": { "@value": "2025-04-22T09:00:53+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:primary_media": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4201", "o:id": 4201 }, "o:media": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4201", "o:id": 4201 } ], "o:item_set": [], "o:site": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/sites/2", "o:id": 2 } ], "dcterms:title": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 1, "property_label": "Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP 150 Halla Broa XVI" } ], "dcterms:identifier": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 10, "property_label": "Identifier", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP0150" } ], "ai2:urlLinks": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 316, "property_label": "Links", "is_public": true, "@id": "https://app.raa.se/open/arkivsok/results?arkiv_samling=Sune%20Lindqvist%20-%20Prim%C3%A4rmaterial%20Gotlands%20Bildsteine&searchtype=filter&page=0&pagesize=25", "o:label": "ATA" } ], "ai2:findLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 280, "property_label": "Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "The Broa (today Broe) cemetery in Högbro, Halla parish, next to the old railway line; the fragment was found in the stone cover of a burial mound. " } ], "ai2:findLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:7", "property_id": 318, "property_label": "Find Context Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Grave" } ], "ai2:findLocationParish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 293, "property_label": "Parish Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Halla" } ], "ai2:findingPlaceName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 292, "property_label": "Finding Place Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Halla Broa" } ], "ai2:findLocationContext": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 291, "property_label": "Find Context", "is_public": true, "@value": "Funnen på en nybyggd tomt till höger om järnvägsspåret, alldeles vid järnvägsbommen i trekanten. Vid röjade av gravhög." } ], "ai2:grave": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 306, "property_label": "Grave or Not", "is_public": true, "@value": "Yes" } ], "ai2:presentLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:6", "property_id": 332, "property_label": "Present Location Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "SHM Storage" } ], "ai2:presentLocationName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 314, "property_label": "Present Location Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "SHM" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist published 20 picture stones under the name of the farmstead Broa (today Broe), all of which appear to originate from the unusually large Iron Age grave field, which is situated in the south-western part of Halla parish, close to the border to Roma parish, and which had been well known through the ages, first mentioned by Strelow in 1633. The farm belongs to the community of Högbro. Since time immemorial, two important country roads, the road Halla–Viklau and the road Roma-Sjonhem (ʻVisbyvägenʼ) intersect here, where a rise consisting of gravel (the ʻhigh bridgeʼ = Högbro) clearly emerges out of the terrain, leading across the great bog system Romamyr-Stormyr. Both roads in turn are intersected by the railway line Roma-Etelhem. The railway intersects both roads a few hundred metres to the west and southwest of the crossing. During the 19th century, the Högbro elevation was severely diminished and large parts of the Broa cemetery were destroyed by clearing and cultivation, gravel mining, house building, railway and road construction, as well as deliberate grave robbing. Many finds from Broa were sold on the antiquities market during this time, with many acquired by ATA. Unfortunately, the large and highly important cemetery of Högbro-Broa is still not published adequately; its present documentation is incomplete and confusing. The best overview about the history and state of research is given by Lena Thunmark-Nylén (1995–2006 III:2, pp. 621–623; IV:1, pp. 324–347). \n\nThe first professional and large-scale excavation took place in 1899, conducted by Hans Hansson, who unearthed 14 graves in a small area right next to the intersection, just south of the road Roma-Sjonhem and east of the road to Viklau. One further large-scale excavation was carried out in 1981–82 by Ann-Marie Pettersson, investigating 120 graves (9 inhumation, 102 cremation, 9 without bones) in a small area (circa 700 m2) about 50 m north of the road Roma–Sjonhem and about 40 m east of the road to Halla (Broe 1:71; see the report compiled by Daniel Langhammer from 2012, RAGU dnr 13/82, 789/84). Apart from that, several minor and poorly documented investigations took place, in the beginning of the 20th century and, in particular, during the 1930s and the early 1940s. \n\nTwo large areas are registered by ATA, a burial ground north of the road Roma–Sjonhem (ATA Halla 46:1) and a burial ground south of the road (ATA Halla 48:1). The first one (46:1) covers an area of circa 120 x 110 m (E–W) and contains 66 circular stone settings and 120 investigated flat graves. The other one (48:1) is about 300 x 120 m (N–S) and features 202 circular stone settings. Several other registered monuments, about 15 stone settings, 2 stone kists and 1 gravklot (large spherical stone) seem to belong to the Broa grave field as well (ATA Halla 1:1, 1:2, 74:1, 78:1, 79:1; Roma 31:1, 31:2, 32:1). Thunmark-Nylén (1995–2006 III:2, p. 622) estimates the number of investigated graves alone at about 300 to 400. The actual size and extent of the cemetery, however, remains uncertain. \n\nThe oldest investigated burials can be dated to the Roman Iron Age, with some unexcavated stone settings typical of the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Most of the graves, however, date to the Migration, Vendel and Viking Periods. First and foremost, the grave field is well-known and frequently cited for some particularly important finds such as the decorated horse harness from the equestrian burial discovered in 1899, after which the Broa Style is named (Salin 1922; Thunmark-Nylén 1992; 1995–2006 IV:1, pp. 325–326), the lyre bridge of amber from the same grave (Reimers 1980), and many remarkable finds of glass vessels from all periods (Nylén 1969). Furthermore, there are several elite warrior graves containing fragments of ring-swords as well as a Vendel helmet (Nerman 1969–1975 I:1, p. 29; II, fig. 601). \n\nThe exact location of the find spots of the picture stones is difficult to determine in most cases, and their contexts and relation to the known parts of the cemetery remain unclear. Most of them originate from the railway line and the area west of it (called ʻBrandenʼ) and the rest from the area east of the road to Halla, between the road and the border to Roma (ʻKlosterängenʼ). Lindqvist (1941/42 II, fig. 378) provides a map, which was primarily composed at the National Heritage Board (RAÄ) based on the information kept in ATA. It identifies the location of the find places of the stones as carefully as they could be determined at Lindqvist’s time. \n\nAccording to a report letter from 1917-07-17 kept in ATA (Go Halla sn M–Ö, dnr 709-1917; cf. Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 65), Wennersten states that the picture stone Halla Broa XVI was “found on a newly built-on property to the right of the railway tracks, when travelling south from the train station Roma, just next to the level crossing in the triangle formed by the country road from Roma, the road to Viklau, and Gotlands railway line. […] [It] came to light two years ago when some workers, who had been commissioned by Hans Hansson to clear a burial mound from its grass cover until he would be back shortly afterwards, in doing so uncovered the stone. The picture stone lay there between other stone pieces; when I was there, it had lain with the obverse upwards in the open air for two years.” " } ], "ai2:measurementsMaterialAndCondition": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 283, "property_label": "Measurements, Material and Condition", "is_public": true, "@value": "The limestone slab represents the entire body and root of a small mushroom-shaped picture stone, which is now missing its head. The obverse is even, the narrow sides hewn at right angles towards the obverse but for the most part only roughly worked. The stone has a height of 75 cm, of which 60 cm are accounted for by the part above the root. The width of the neck is 32 cm, that of the base 45 m. The slab is about 10 cm thick (cf. Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 65–66). There are no serious signs of weathering, abrasion or damage to be observed on the stone’s surface. However, the images are not easy to discern. The decoration is executed with fine lines, while the background fields are slightly chiselled, not more than 1 mm deep (ibid. fig. 396; ATA 494:9a; 1718:22). " } ], "ai2:dimensionsHeight": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 298, "property_label": "Height", "is_public": true, "@value": "75" } ], "ai2:dimensionsWidth": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 299, "property_label": "Width", "is_public": true, "@value": "45" } ], "ai2:material": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 301, "property_label": "Material", "is_public": true, "@value": "Limestone" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist (1941/42 II, pp. 65–66) describes the carvings in the following way: “Within the border, which is up to 6 cm wide, an interwoven band pattern. In the panel above a horizontal bar at the neck, the legs of a running horse can be seen, which indicates that the stone’s head was filled with the image of horse and rider. Just below the horizontal bar, three persons can be perceived in a low panel, of whom the middle one appears to be shown in a sitting position […]. Below this, there is a ship with rounded, towering stems and rectangular sail with rhombic pattern on a mast, on which probably are attached one stay from the left (prow?) and two from the right. A rudder may have been near the indistinct stem on the right. Above the railing, the torsos of six crewmen, all facing left, jut out; they presumably are behind a row of shields attached to the railing. Below the ship, a row of waves is depicted, the crests of which are breaking to the left, and a final horizontal border.” \n\nIn Olof Sörling’s drawing of the stone dating to 1918 (ibid. fig. 394), the horizontal border below the waves represents a simplified twisted cord pattern, which cannot be identified on Lindqvist’s photo of the painted surface (ibid. fig. 395). Another notable difference between both pictures is the left stem of the ship, which in Sörling’s opinion seems to end in an animal head with open jaws. Sörling and Lindqvist basically agree about the three figures in the image panel above the ship’s sail. The man to the left (see also Oehrl 2019a, pls. 57e–h) is wearing a sword scabbard and stretching out his hand towards the middle figure, which could represent a human. The human figure to the right, whose gender remains unclear, lifts up its hand, holding up an indefinable object, probably a drinking vessel, less probably a weapon. Either the figure is sitting on a chair or wearing long garments. " } ], "ai2:interpretations": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist (1941/42 II, p. 66) compares the figures in the panel above the ship with the uppermost panel of GP 253 Lärbro St. Hammars I, which (according to Lindqvist’s painted version) depicts two warriors, flanking and apparently attacking a woman placed between them. This scene has been interpreted on the basis of heroic legend, as a case of abduction of a woman or the killing of King Jǫrmunrekr (Lindqvist 1941/42 I. p. 105; Gjessing 1943, p. 86). For more information see the regarding article about Lärbro St. Hammars I. \n\nIf the person in the right corner of the panel holds up a drinking vessel, the depiction could be compared to drinking scenes on other picture stones such as GP 258 Lärbro Tängelgårda I and GP 532 Träkumla kyrka 1. For their possible interpretation as drinking and oath taking ceremony or afterlife feasting, see articles cited by Oehrl (cf. Oehrl 2019a, pp. 172–174, 178). " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2299", "value_resource_id": 2299, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2299", "display_title": "GP 253 Lärbro Stora Hammars I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/d633dfb0db357f71c420b161a1e48e1024726ee9.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0253", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2304", "value_resource_id": 2304, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2304", "display_title": "GP0258", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/77873047d434a760273ee33746e1e5a43285e370.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0258.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2576", "value_resource_id": 2576, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2576", "display_title": "GP 532 Träkumla kyrka 1", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/6f94bdae6ccf3ee55275413bd7005a63b71563ce.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0532.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@value": "Originally mushroom-shaped late-type ʻdwarf stoneʼ, belonging to ʻAbschnittʼ C according to Lindqvist, who dates those stones to the time around AD 700. Current research, however, tends to date them roughly to between the 8th century and the 10th century. Lisbeth Imer (2004, p. 104) dates the stone Halla Broa XVI to between AD 750 and 900. According to Varenius’ ship typology (1992, pp. 69–74 and appendix 2), the rigging of the ship depiction belongs to his group III (segelskepp med skot i hanfot), which he dates to the 9th or 10th centuries. The horizontal border beneath the waves is particularly remarkable. The simplified twisted cord (or step) pattern is typical for Type B picture stones and occurs rarely on late type monuments. A decorated horizontal border just above the root is also quite unusual. The only parallel is GP 149 Halla Broa IX, which is comparable to Halla Broa XVI in many respects. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2195", "value_resource_id": 2195, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2195", "display_title": "GP 149 Halla Broa IX", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/dee08f2d52773427a99fc66c4cb90a4a0c103ccc.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0149.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:shapeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:3", "property_id": 305, "property_label": "Lindqvist Shape", "is_public": true, "@value": "Dwarf stone" } ], "ai2:typeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:2", "property_id": 303, "property_label": "Lindqvist Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "C/D (ca. 700-1000)" } ], "ai2:runicInscriptionYesNo": [ { "type": "customvocab:5", "property_id": 317, "property_label": "Runic Inscription or not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:references": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 288, "property_label": "References", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist 1941/42 I, p. 105; II, pp. 65–66, figs. 394–396; Helmbrecht 2011, p. 470 cat. no. 608; Oehrl 2019a, p. 89, pls. 57e–h. " } ], "ai2:slID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 328, "property_label": "Lindqvist Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "Halla, Broa XVI" } ], "ai2:model3D": [ { "type": "resource:item", "property_id": 344, "property_label": "3D model", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/4682", "value_resource_id": 4682, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/4682", "display_title": "3D model for GP0150", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/application/asset/thumbnails/default.png", "thumbnail_title": "fler/GP0150_RGB.nxz", "thumbnail_type": "application/octet-stream" } ], "ai2:jpID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 308, "property_label": "Jan Peder Lamm ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "116" } ], "ai2:shmID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 311, "property_label": "Statens Historiska Museer ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "16239" } ], "ai2:summarySwedish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@value": "Fyndplats \nBildstenen påträffades vid röjning av en gravhög 1915 på det stora järnåldersgravfältet Broa i Halla. \n\nNuvarande lokalisering \nStatens Historiska Museums magasin, Tumba \n\nBeskrivning \nEn liten svampformad bildsten (typ C-D), 75 x 45 cm, med kantdekor och tre olika bildfält. I det översta fältet spår av en springande häst, som förmodligen haft en ryttare. I det mittersta fältet tre människor varva den mittersta verkar sitta. I det nedersta fältet vågor och över vågorna ett skepp med segel och sex besättningsmän \n\nDatering \nDateringen kan inte anges närmare, men bildstenen tillhör perioden 700-900-talen. \n\nTolkning \nOm djuret på bilden kan ses som en häst kan bilden tolkas som Sleipner som hoppar över ett hinder för att komma in i dödsriket. Om bilden i stället föreställer en hjort kan det finans en kristen bakgrund. \n\nAA " } ], "ai2:iconography": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "legs" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "horse" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "rider" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "human figure" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "sitting" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "ship" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "sail" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "mast" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "rudder" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "man" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "torso" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "shield-row" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "waves" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "hand" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "cup" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "chair" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "dress" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "woman" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "running" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "sheath" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 295, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6581391" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 296, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "675775" } ], "@reverse": { "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2195", "o:title": "GP 149 Halla Broa IX" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2297", "o:title": "GP 251 Lärbro Norder-Ire III" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2213", "o:title": "GP 167 Halla Unsarve" } ], "ai2:modelVisualizes": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/4682", "o:title": "3D model for GP0150" } ] } }, { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2207", "@type": [ "o:Item", "dctype:PhysicalObject" ], "o:id": 2207, "o:is_public": true, "o:owner": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/users/1", "o:id": 1 }, "o:resource_class": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_classes/32", "o:id": 32 }, "o:resource_template": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_templates/2", "o:id": 2 }, "o:thumbnail": null, "o:title": "GP 161 Halla Broa III", "thumbnail_display_urls": { "large": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/large/0a4b22bb8da6bb7d59b33ea8abd309a6e3b47ccb.jpg", "medium": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/medium/0a4b22bb8da6bb7d59b33ea8abd309a6e3b47ccb.jpg", "square": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/0a4b22bb8da6bb7d59b33ea8abd309a6e3b47ccb.jpg" }, "o:created": { "@value": "2023-03-07T10:42:11+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:modified": { "@value": "2025-08-26T08:45:38+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:primary_media": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4210", "o:id": 4210 }, "o:media": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4210", "o:id": 4210 } ], "o:item_set": [], "o:site": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/sites/2", "o:id": 2 } ], "dcterms:title": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 1, "property_label": "Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP 161 Halla Broa III" } ], "dcterms:identifier": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 10, "property_label": "Identifier", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP0161" } ], "ai2:urlLinks": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 316, "property_label": "Links", "is_public": true, "@id": "https://app.raa.se/open/arkivsok/results?arkiv_samling=Sune%20Lindqvist%20-%20Prim%C3%A4rmaterial%20Gotlands%20Bildsteine&searchtype=filter&page=0&pagesize=25", "o:label": "ATA" } ], "ai2:findLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 280, "property_label": "Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "The Broa (today Broe) cemetery in Högbro, Halla parish, at the old railway line. " } ], "ai2:findLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:7", "property_id": 318, "property_label": "Find Context Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Grave-field" } ], "ai2:findLocationParish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 293, "property_label": "Parish Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Halla" } ], "ai2:findingPlaceName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 292, "property_label": "Finding Place Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Halla Broa" } ], "ai2:findLocationContext": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 291, "property_label": "Find Context", "is_public": true, "@value": "Gravfältet Högbro. Hittades samtidigt som nr.1" } ], "ai2:presentLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:6", "property_id": 332, "property_label": "Present Location Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Gotlands Museum Fornsalen" } ], "ai2:presentLocationName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 314, "property_label": "Present Location Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Bildstenshallen" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist published 20 picture stones under the name of the farmstead Broa (today Broe), all of which appear to originate from the unusually large Iron Age grave field, which is situated in the south-western part of Halla parish, close to the border to Roma parish, and which had been well known through the ages, first mentioned by Strelow in 1633. The farm belongs to the community of Högbro. Since time immemorial, two important country roads, the road Halla-Viklau and the road Roma-Sjonhem (ʻVisbyvägenʼ) intersect here, where a rise consisting of gravel (the ʻhigh bridgeʼ = Högbro) clearly emerges out of the terrain, leading across the great bog system Romamyr-Stormyr. Both roads in turn are intersected by the railway line Roma–Etelhem. The railway intersects both roads a few hundred metres to the west and southwest of the crossing. During the 19th century, the Högbro elevation was severely diminished and large parts of the Broa necropolis were destroyed by clearing and cultivation, gravel mining, house building, railway and road construction, as well as deliberate grave robbing. Many finds from Broa were sold on the antiquities market during this time, with many acquired by ATA. Unfortunately, the large and highly important cemetery of Högbro-Broa is still not published adequately; its present documentation is incomplete and confusing. The best overview about the history and state of research is given by Lena Thunmark-Nylén (1995–2006 III:2, pp. 621–623; IV:1, pp. 324–347). \n\nThe first professional and large-scale excavation took place in 1899, conducted by Hans Hansson, who unearthed 14 graves in a small area right next to the intersection, just south of the road Roma-Sjonhem and east of the road to Viklau. One further large-scale excavation was carried out in 1981–82 by Ann-Marie Pettersson, who investigated 120 graves (9 inhumation, 102 cremation, 9 without bones) in a small area (circa 700 m2) about 50 m north of the road Roma–Sjonhem and about 40 m east of the road to Halla (Broe 1:71; see the report compiled by Daniel Langhammer from 2012, RAGU dnr 13/82, 789/84). Apart from that, several minor and poorly documented investigations took place, in the beginning of the 20th century, in particular, during the 1930s and the early 1940s. \n\nTwo larger areas are registered by ATA, a burial ground north of the road Roma-Sjonhem (ATA Halla 46:1) and a burial ground south of the road (ATA Halla 48:1). The first one (46:1) covers an area of circa 120 x 110 m (E–W) and contains 66 circular stone settings and 120 investigated flat graves. The other one (48:1) is about 300 x 120 m (N–S) and features 202 circular stone settings. Several other registered monuments, about 15 stone settings, 2 stone kists and 1 gravklot (large spherical stone) seem to belong to the Broa grave field as well (ATA Halla 1:1, 1:2, 74:1, 78:1, 79:1; Roma 31:1, 31:2, 32:1). Thunmark-Nylén (1995–2006 III:2, p. 622) estimates the number of investigated graves alone at about 300 to 400. The actual size and extent of the cemetery, however, remains still uncertain. \n\nThe oldest investigated burials can be dated to the Roman Iron Age, with some unexcavated stone settings typical for the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Most of the graves, however, date to the Migration, Vendel and Viking Periods. First and foremost, the grave field is well-known and frequently cited for some particularly important finds such as the decorated horse harness from the equestrian burial discovered in 1899, after which the Broa Style is named (Salin 1922; Thunmark-Nylén 1992; 1995–2006 IV:1, pp. 325–326), the lyre bridge of amber from the same grave (Reimers 1980), and many remarkable finds of glass vessels from all periods (Nylén 1969). Furthermore, there are several elite warrior graves containing fragments of ring-swords as well as a Vendel helmet (Nerman 1969–1975 I:1, p. 29; II, fig. 601). \n\nThe exact location of the find spots of the picture stones is difficult to determine in most cases, and their contexts and relation to the known parts of the cemetery remain unclear. Most of them originate from the railway line and the area west of it (called ʻBrandenʼ) and the rest from the area east of the road to Halla, between the road and the border to Roma (ʻKlosterängenʼ). Lindqvist (1941/42 II, fig. 378) provides a map, which was primarily composed at the National Heritage Board (RAÄ) based on the information kept in ATA. It identifies the location of the find places of the stones as carefully as they could be determined at Lindqvist’s time. \n\nThe picture stone Halla Broa III was found in 1876 during the construction of the railway line, together with GP 143 Halla Broa I and GP 160 Halla Broa II. “At the same time, several objects of bronze and iron from the younger Iron Age were discovered” (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 59). " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2189", "value_resource_id": 2189, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2189", "display_title": "GP 143 Halla Broa I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1b8f8b764541b077e9d0c46f0f59d21fa731d786.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0143.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2206", "value_resource_id": 2206, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2206", "display_title": "GP 160 Halla Broa II", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/7cb06f8f4cc38342dc9d0924e2829c3645a86732.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0160.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:measurementsMaterialAndCondition": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 283, "property_label": "Measurements, Material and Condition", "is_public": true, "@value": "“Limestone slab, 15 cm thick. […] The narrow sides hewn at right or acute angles towards the obverse, the reverse very rough and strongly curved. Current height of the stone 74 cm; the original height above the root likely was about 70 cm. Width of the head 46 cm, of the neck 41 cm, of the base 48 cm” (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 60). The stone’s face is almost even but quite rough. It appears to be weathered, in particular, its upper part, wherefore parts of the finely carved images and border decoration are lost. The mushroom shape of the slab is clearly discernible, both corners of the head are preserved. However, the top part of the arched head is broken off. The short root is preserved as well. " } ], "ai2:dimensionsHeight": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 298, "property_label": "Height", "is_public": true, "@value": "74" } ], "ai2:dimensionsWidth": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 299, "property_label": "Width", "is_public": true, "@value": "41" } ], "ai2:dimensionsThickness": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 300, "property_label": "Thickness", "is_public": true, "@value": "15" } ], "ai2:material": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 301, "property_label": "Material", "is_public": true, "@value": "Limestone" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@value": "“The lines of the decoration appear partly to have been chiselled, though they are narrow and irregular, partly to have been merely scratched in with a pointed object. The background field has been chiselled 1–2 mm deep. The border contains a twisted cord pattern that was given a realistic effect by Kerbschnitt-like chiselling of small areas. The field thus defined contains at the very top – probably below a [lost] top panel that cannot be interpreted – the image of a horseman with shield and spear on a horse, the feet of which rest on the upper part of the border-like frame of a sail with rhombic pattern on a watercraft with upwards-curved stems. The stems appear to be rounded. The ship has a rudder. Below the ship, a row of waves that are breaking to the left. Above the vessel’s railing, the torsos of five crewmen can be seen as well as many Y-shaped sheet ropes attached to the sail’s lower edge” (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 60–61). \n\nThe picture of the stone with paint published by Lindqvist (ibid. I, fig. 108; cf. ATA Run- och bildstenssamlingen B3:59 [Faith-Ell 1937]) differs in some details from Olof Sörling’s drawing (ibid. II, fig. 380; cf. ATA Run- och bildstenssamlingen 2425:24), in particular regarding the horseman. In the drawing, the horse’s forepart and the equestrian’s lance are incomplete. The horseman’s head, however, is much more detailed, featuring his long hair, eye, and nose. Unlike Lindqvist’s painting, Sörling’s drawing depicts a shield boss, and the outline of the shield crosses the outline of the horse’s back. The second crewman from the right, however, is more detailed in Lindqvist’s interpretation, featuring an eye as well as details of hair and dress. In both interpretations, the outlines of the rudder cross the keel line of the ship. Those intersections are remarkable, as they possibly indicate a kind of preliminary sketch (cf. ibid. I, pp. 42–43; repeatedly Hauck, in particular, 1957b; Eshleman 2000; Oehrl 2019a, pp. 67–68 and passim [regarding Hauck’s research see 68–86, 169–172, 286–287, and passim]). The best examples for such preliminary carvings include GP 162 Halla Broa IV, GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I, GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III, and GP 258 Lärbro Tängelgårda I. The much-weathered left half of the upper panel remains indiscernible, even though Lindqvist tried to trace some scattered parts of the carvings here. Nevertheless, it is probable that it featured the depiction of a woman who welcomed the horseman (cf. other Type C dwarf stones such as GP 162 Halla Broa IV and GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III). \n\nAnother painted version of the stone, a photo of which is kept in ATA (Run- och bildstenssamlingen 1718:41 [Faith-Ell 1933]), presents significantly fewer figures and details than the pictures published in Lindqvist’s book. It appears to represent an obsolete interpretation by Lindqvist. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2208", "value_resource_id": 2208, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2208", "display_title": "GP 162 Halla Broa IV", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/a1bbec5d51ba0e734796179599db95712073b49d.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0162.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2433", "value_resource_id": 2433, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2433", "display_title": "GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/20ebf4feb6626832693622e94b44103744d0d211.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0388.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2435", "value_resource_id": 2435, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2435", "display_title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1a0f811d100f91402796fd53985ba29b1d786c49.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0390.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2304", "value_resource_id": 2304, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2304", "display_title": "GP0258", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/77873047d434a760273ee33746e1e5a43285e370.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0258.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:interpretations": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@value": "For the interpretation of the horseman and ship motifs on late type picture stones, see especially GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I, GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII, GP 94 Garda Bote, GP 209 Klinte Hunninge I, GP 212 Klinte Hunninge IV (Klintebys), and GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III. Both motifs, the horseman and ship, are commonly regarded as depicting the deceased’s journey and arrival in the world of the dead." }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2052", "value_resource_id": 2052, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2052", "display_title": "GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/ad15c2e35b95a984bf0f785567b10cfd346dc922.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0005.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2068", "value_resource_id": 2068, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2068", "display_title": "GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/559bf4735a777ba206c0713bc3a7018d9174aacf.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0021.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2141", "value_resource_id": 2141, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2141", "display_title": "GP0094", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/89d351acb925a49bbbc69ed6cd935473f2384af3.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0094.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2255", "value_resource_id": 2255, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2255", "display_title": "GP0209", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/0e23943917d457212ccf0fc888de9f993ebb9778.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0209.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2258", "value_resource_id": 2258, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2258", "display_title": "GP 212 Klinte Hunninge (IV) (Klintebys)", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/403f779f9a82ef3ff7d10083df0c57792d7a2877.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0212.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2435", "value_resource_id": 2435, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2435", "display_title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1a0f811d100f91402796fd53985ba29b1d786c49.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0390.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@value": "Mushroom-shaped late-type ʻdwarf stoneʼ, belonging to ʻAbschnittʼ C according to Lindqvist, who dates those stones to the time around AD 700. Current research, however, tends to date them roughly to between the 8th century (or rather around AD 800) and the 10th century. Lisbeth Imer (2004, p. 104) dates the stone to circa AD 750–900. According to Martin Rundkvist’s (2012) typology, the stone’s shape represents Type dwarf4, which occurs in his periods 4 (Late Vendel Period), 5 (Early Viking Period), and 6 (Middle Viking Period). According to Varenius’ ship typology (1992, pp. 69–74 and appendix 2), the rigging of the ship depiction belongs to his group III (segelskepp med skot i hanfot), which he dates to the 9th or 10th centuries. Lindqvist (1941/42 I, p. 67) assigns the vessel to his Lillbjärstypus, which occurs frequently on Type C picture stones. However, he even considers the ship to represent a Type D vessel, dating somewhat later (ibid. p. 73). " } ], "ai2:shapeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:3", "property_id": 305, "property_label": "Lindqvist Shape", "is_public": true, "@value": "Dwarf stone" } ], "ai2:typeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:2", "property_id": 303, "property_label": "Lindqvist Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "C/D (ca. 700-1000)" } ], "ai2:runicInscriptionYesNo": [ { "type": "customvocab:5", "property_id": 317, "property_label": "Runic Inscription or not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:references": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 288, "property_label": "References", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist 1941/42 I, pp. 67, 73, 107, fig. 108; II, pp. 60–61, fig. 380; Helmbrecht 2011, p. 470 cat. no. 604. " } ], "ai2:slID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 328, "property_label": "Lindqvist Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "Halla, Broa III" } ], "ai2:gotlandsmuseumID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 312, "property_label": "Gotlands Museum ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "GFA2089" } ], "ai2:model3D": [ { "type": "resource:item", "property_id": 344, "property_label": "3D model", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/4693", "value_resource_id": 4693, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/4693", "display_title": "3D model for GP0161", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/application/asset/thumbnails/default.png", "thumbnail_title": "GP0161_RGB.nxz", "thumbnail_type": "application/octet-stream" } ], "ai2:jpID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 308, "property_label": "Jan Peder Lamm ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "103" } ], "ai2:limestoneType": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 325, "property_label": "Limestone Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "fine reef debris limestone" } ], "ai2:geologicalGroup": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 326, "property_label": "Geological Group", "is_public": true, "@value": "Klinteberg Formation (30%)" } ], "ai2:summarySwedish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@value": "Fyndplats \nBildstenen påträffades 1876 vid järnvägsbygge genom det stora järnåldersgravfältet i Broa i Halla socken. \n\nNuvarande lokalisering \nGotlands museum, utställd i Bildstenshallen. \n\nBeskrivning \nEn dvärgsten (typ C), 74 x 48 cm, uppdelad i två bildfält. I det övre bildfältet en ryttare med spjut och sköld, och i det nedre bildfältet vågor och ett skepp med segel, rigg och fem besättningsmän. \n\nDatering \nDateringen kan inte anges närmare, men bildstenen tillhör perioden 700-900-talen. \n\nTolkning \nIngen tolkning \n\nAA " } ], "ai2:iconography": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "rider" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "shield" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "spear" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "horse" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "sail" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "ship" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "rudder" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "waves" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "torso" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "man" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "long hair" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "woman" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 295, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6393355" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 296, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "696536" } ], "@reverse": { "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2189", "o:title": "GP 143 Halla Broa I" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2206", "o:title": "GP 160 Halla Broa II" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2213", "o:title": "GP 167 Halla Unsarve" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2126", "o:title": "GP 79 Etelhem Järnvägslinje" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2285", "o:title": "GP 239 Lokrume Tomase I" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2208", "o:title": "GP 162 Halla Broa IV" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2433", "o:title": "GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2435", "o:title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III" } ], "ai2:modelVisualizes": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/4693", "o:title": "3D model for GP0161" } ] } }, { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2208", "@type": [ "o:Item", "dctype:PhysicalObject" ], "o:id": 2208, "o:is_public": true, "o:owner": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/users/1", "o:id": 1 }, "o:resource_class": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_classes/32", "o:id": 32 }, "o:resource_template": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_templates/2", "o:id": 2 }, "o:thumbnail": null, "o:title": "GP 162 Halla Broa IV", "thumbnail_display_urls": { "large": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/large/a1bbec5d51ba0e734796179599db95712073b49d.jpg", "medium": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/medium/a1bbec5d51ba0e734796179599db95712073b49d.jpg", "square": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/a1bbec5d51ba0e734796179599db95712073b49d.jpg" }, "o:created": { "@value": "2023-03-07T10:42:11+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:modified": { "@value": "2025-08-26T08:45:58+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:primary_media": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4211", "o:id": 4211 }, "o:media": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4211", "o:id": 4211 } ], "o:item_set": [], "o:site": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/sites/2", "o:id": 2 } ], "dcterms:title": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 1, "property_label": "Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP 162 Halla Broa IV" } ], "dcterms:identifier": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 10, "property_label": "Identifier", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP0162" } ], "ai2:urlLinks": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 316, "property_label": "Links", "is_public": true, "@id": "https://app.raa.se/open/arkivsok/results?arkiv_samling=Sune%20Lindqvist%20-%20Prim%C3%A4rmaterial%20Gotlands%20Bildsteine&searchtype=filter&page=0&pagesize=25", "o:label": "ATA" } ], "ai2:findLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 280, "property_label": "Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "The Broa (today Broe) cemetery in Högbro, Halla parish, at the old railway line. " } ], "ai2:findLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:7", "property_id": 318, "property_label": "Find Context Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Grave-field" } ], "ai2:findLocationParish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 293, "property_label": "Parish Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Halla" } ], "ai2:findingPlaceName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 292, "property_label": "Finding Place Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Halla Broa" } ], "ai2:findLocationContext": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 291, "property_label": "Find Context", "is_public": true, "@value": "Funnen vid grustaget som järnvägen går igenom." } ], "ai2:grave": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 306, "property_label": "Grave or Not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:presentLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:6", "property_id": 332, "property_label": "Present Location Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Gotlands Museum Magasin Visborg" } ], "ai2:presentLocationName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 314, "property_label": "Present Location Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Magasin Visborg" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist published 20 picture stones under the name of the farmstead Broa (today Broe), all of which appear to originate from the unusually large Iron Age grave field, which is situated in the south-western part of Halla parish, close to the border to Roma parish, and which had been well known through the ages, first mentioned by Strelow in 1633. The farm belongs to the community of Högbro. Since time immemorial, two important country roads, the road Halla-Viklau and the road Roma-Sjonhem (ʻVisbyvägenʼ) intersect here, where a rise consisting of gravel (the ʻhigh bridgeʼ = Högbro) clearly emerges out of the terrain, leading across the great bog system Romamyr-Stormyr. Both roads in turn are intersected by the railway line Roma-Etelhem. The railway intersects both roads a few hundred metres to the west and southwest of the crossing. During the 19th century, the Högbro elevation was severely diminished and large parts of the Broa necropolis were destroyed by clearing and cultivation, gravel mining, house building, railway and road construction, as well as deliberate grave robbing. Many finds from Broa were sold on the antiquities market during this time, with many acquired by ATA. Unfortunately, the large and highly important cemetery of Högbro-Broa is still not published adequately; its present documentation is incomplete and confusing. The best overview about the history and state of research is given by Lena Thunmark-Nylén (1995–2006 III:2, pp. 621–623; IV:1, pp. 324–347). \n\nThe first professional and large-scale excavation took place in 1899, conducted by Hans Hansson, who unearthed 14 graves in a small area right next to the intersection, just south of the road Roma-Sjonhem and east of the road to Viklau. One further large-scale excavation was carried out in 1981–82 by Ann-Marie Pettersson, who investigated 120 graves (9 inhumation, 102 cremation, 9 without bones) in a small area (circa 700 m2) about 50 m north of the road Roma-Sjonhem and about 40 m east of the road to Halla (Broe 1:71; see the report compiled by Daniel Langhammer from 2012, RAGU dnr 13/82, 789/84). Apart from that, several minor and poorly documented investigations took place, in the beginning of the 20th century, in particular. during the 1930s and the early 1940s. \n\nTwo large areas are registered by ATA, a burial ground north of the road Roma-Sjonhem (ATA Halla 46:1) and a burial ground south of the road (ATA Halla 48:1). The first one (46:1) covers an area of circa 120 x 110 m (E–W) and contains 66 circular stone settings and 120 investigated flat graves. The other one (48:1) is about 300 x 120 m (N–S) and features 202 circular stone settings. Several other registered monuments, about 15 stone settings, 2 stone kists and 1 gravklot (large spherical stone) seem to belong to the Broa grave field as well (ATA Halla 1:1, 1:2, 74:1, 78:1, 79:1; Roma 31:1, 31:2, 32:1). Thunmark-Nylén (1995–2006 III:2, p. 622) estimates the number of investigated graves alone at about 300 to 400. The actual size and extent of the cemetery, however, remains still uncertain. \n\nThe oldest investigated burials can be dated to the Roman Iron Age, with some unexcavated stone settings typical for the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Most of the graves, however, date to the Migration, Vendel and Viking Periods. First and foremost, the grave field is well-known and frequently cited for some particularly important finds such as the decorated horse harness from the equestrian burial discovered in 1899, after which the Broa Style is named (Salin 1922; Thunmark-Nylén 1992; 1995–2006 IV:1, pp. 325–326), the lyre bridge of amber from the same grave (Reimers 1980), and many remarkable finds of glass vessels from all periods (Nylén 1969). Furthermore, there are several elite warrior graves containing fragments of ring-swords as well as a Vendel helmet (Nerman 1969–1975 I:1, p. 29; II, fig. 601). \n\nThe exact location of the find spots of the picture stones is difficult to determine in most cases, and their contexts and relation to the known parts of the cemetery remain unclear. Most of them originate from the railway line and the area west of it (called ʻBrandenʼ) and the rest from the area east of the road to Halla, between the road and the border to Roma (ʻKlosterängenʼ). Lindqvist (1941/42 II, fig. 378) provides a map, which was primarily composed at the National Heritage Board (RAÄ) based on the information kept in ATA. It identifies the location of the find places of the stones as carefully as they could be determined at Lindqvist’s time. \n\nThe picture stone Halla Broa IV was found in 1879 during the construction of the railway line (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 61). The exact find place and context, however, cannot be determined." } ], "ai2:measurementsMaterialAndCondition": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 283, "property_label": "Measurements, Material and Condition", "is_public": true, "@value": "“Limestone slab, up to 12 cm thick. The obverse almost even by nature, severely pitted due to weathering. The narrow sides either hewn in an obtuse angle or rounded towards the obverse. The reverse rough and unworked. Total height of the stone 89 cm, 57.5 cm above the lower edge of the decoration, width of the head 45 cm, width of the neck 38 cm, that of the base 49 cm” (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 61). The mushroom-shaped monument is completely preserved, including its root. " } ], "ai2:dimensionsHeight": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 298, "property_label": "Height", "is_public": true, "@value": "89" } ], "ai2:dimensionsWidth": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 299, "property_label": "Width", "is_public": true, "@value": "49" } ], "ai2:dimensionsThickness": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 300, "property_label": "Thickness", "is_public": true, "@value": "12" } ], "ai2:material": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 301, "property_label": "Material", "is_public": true, "@value": "Limestone" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@value": "“The decoration of the border, which is filled with an s-shaped interlace pattern is executed with hewn lines and chiselled background fields. The images in the field appear to have been sketched in fine lines and drawn by means of a pointed instrument; after this, the work was completed by chiselling out the background field. The field is divided into two panels by a horizontal bar at the level of the neck. The horizontal bar at the same time serves as the yardarm of the sail of the watercraft filling the lower panel. On this bar, one foot of a horse is resting, on which sits a horseman with loose trousers gathered at the knee and a sword scabbard (attached to the belt?)” (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 61). The very fine lines, which appear to be drawn with a pointed instrument are particularly visible in the details of the horseman’s head, his sword and trousers, but also in parts of the ship, in particular, the shields with bosses and the heads and faces of the crewmen. Those finely carved lines possibly indicate a kind of preliminary sketch (cf. ibid. I, pp. 42–43; repeatedly Hauck, in particular, 1957b; Eshleman 2000; Oehrl 2019a, pp. 67–68 and passim [regarding Hauck’s research see 68–86, 169–172, 286–287, and passim]). The best examples for such preliminary carvings represent the Type C stones GP 161 Halla Broa III, GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III and GP 258 Lärbro Tängelgårda I. \n\nThe figure in the left half of the head field can be interpreted in different ways, but Lindqvist’s description of the carvings is particularly detailed (1941/42 II, p. 61): “In front of the horseman, on the same ʻground lineʼ, a person is standing, the details of which have been lost due to flaking. The interpretation of this person was a problem that GG [Gabriel Gustafson], FN [Fredrik Nordin], and OS [Olof Sörling] frequently debated, but never finally solved. Alternative no. 1 [ibid. II, fig. 381] includes: a man with knee-length garb, holding a spear slightly tilted forwards, towards the horseman; the slightly crooked spearhead is at a level with the horse’s ear. Alternative no. 2 [ibid. II, fig. 382, 384], however, put forward a woman with a floor-length dress (at the front of which there is a strip of constant width that corresponds to the front lower leg in alternative no. 1); her head is looking rather masculine and does not quite reach the same level as the horse’s mouth. Above the woman, there is a bird (the head and long neck of which, pointed diagonally upwards, corresponds to the upper part of the spear in alternative no. 1) that appears to be flying towards the horseman. Both wings of this presumed bird are visible and executed in a remarkably realistic way; the feathers of the wings would be implied by short, chiselled lines, in the same manner that commonly was used for the chiselled areas of the background field. Lastly, alternative no. 3 [ibid. I, fig. 116], which SL [Sune Lindqvist] considers the most likely, shows a woman in a full-length dress (possibly with a strip of constant width along the dress’s rear contours that corresponds to the rear lower leg in alternative no. 1) as in alternative no. 2, but of much greater body height; the torso is inclined backwards, of course, because the woman is presenting the horseman with a drinking horn, its almost horizontal mouth facing him (in alternative 1, this is the spearhead, in alternative 2, the bird’s head). The top of the woman’s head is at the same level as the horse’s eye” (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 61). \n\nThere are even more possible interpretations documented – a photo of the painted stone depicting the legs of a man without spear (Oehrl 2019a, pl. 30f), a drawing with a very rudimentary version of the man with spear (ATA, unpublished), and a drawing with another version of the woman with a drinking horn, featuring a smaller body size and more detailed facial characteristics (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, fig. 383). All mentioned interpretations are kept in ATA (Run- och bildstenssamling). Oehrl (2019a, pp. 65–66, 89, pl. 54a–b) considers the image on the head field of Halla Broa IV one of the best examples of the difficulty of picture stone documentation, which he regards as the major problem of picture stone research in general. His investigation based on digital imaging applications, however, did not lead to a final assessment. Nevertheless, in Oehrl’s view, a woman with a drinking horn is the most plausible interpretation, although she is probably smaller and less massive, as she appears on the photo provided by Lindqvist. \n\nThe ship in the lower part of the stone is described by Lindqvist, as follows: “The lower half of the field is occupied – as mentioned above – by a watercraft. Above the horizontal bar – the sail’s yardarm –, the masthead can be seen between the horse’s forelegs in the panel just described; on both sides of the masthead, there are the upper ends of the stays running down in both directions. The sail is enclosed on both the left and right in the same rectilinear way as at the top by the yardarm, while downwards, it has a number of pointed corners continuing the rhombic pattern that had been produced by wide chiselled grooves. The vessel’s hull has towering stems, the rudder is on the starboard side, and ten shields are visible along the railing. The shields’ contours are drawn fairly competently, but hardly with a compass; the rims of the shield bosses are drawn, as well. Above the shields raise the heads of six, probably originally seven, crewmen. They wear round head coverings. Four corners, which probably each terminate in a sheet rope, constitute the sail’s lower edge. The mast is massive towards the bottom and has a stay running to it from the inner base of the stem in the bow as well as several of them from the stern” (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 61). " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2207", "value_resource_id": 2207, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2207", "display_title": "GP 161 Halla Broa III", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/0a4b22bb8da6bb7d59b33ea8abd309a6e3b47ccb.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0161.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2435", "value_resource_id": 2435, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2435", "display_title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1a0f811d100f91402796fd53985ba29b1d786c49.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0390.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2304", "value_resource_id": 2304, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2304", "display_title": "GP0258", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/77873047d434a760273ee33746e1e5a43285e370.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0258.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:interpretations": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@value": "For the interpretation of the horseman and ship motifs on late type picture stones, see especially GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I, GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII, GP 94 Garda Bote, GP 209 Klinte Hunninge I, GP 212 Klinte Hunninge IV (Klintebys), and GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III. Both motifs, the horseman (welcomed by a woman with a drinking horn) and the ship, are commonly regarded as depicting the deceased’s journey and arrival in the world of the dead. Gabriel Gustafson’s interpretation of the woman in the head field of Halla Broa IV, featuring a long-necked bird above the woman’s head (see VI, alternative no. 2), is particularly tempting since Oehrl was able to prove in his studies that long-necked water birds played an important role in the iconography of the late-type picture stones, acting as companions of the women who welcome the deceased in the world of the dead. Those ʻornithomorphic psychopompoiʼ can be seen on the picture stones GP 91 Fröjel Bottarve, GP 3 Alskog kyrka, GP 120 Grötlingbo Barshaldershed 6, and GP 341 Sanda kyrka I. For more detailed interpretation, see the pertinent articles as well as Oehrl 2010a; 2012a, pp. 93–96; 2019a, pp. 50–55, pls. 23e–25c; 2020c, pp. 138–151, fig. 26–31. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2052", "value_resource_id": 2052, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2052", "display_title": "GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/ad15c2e35b95a984bf0f785567b10cfd346dc922.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0005.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2068", "value_resource_id": 2068, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2068", "display_title": "GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/559bf4735a777ba206c0713bc3a7018d9174aacf.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0021.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2141", "value_resource_id": 2141, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2141", "display_title": "GP0094", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/89d351acb925a49bbbc69ed6cd935473f2384af3.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0094.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2255", "value_resource_id": 2255, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2255", "display_title": "GP0209", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/0e23943917d457212ccf0fc888de9f993ebb9778.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0209.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2258", "value_resource_id": 2258, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2258", "display_title": "GP 212 Klinte Hunninge (IV) (Klintebys)", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/403f779f9a82ef3ff7d10083df0c57792d7a2877.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0212.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2435", "value_resource_id": 2435, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2435", "display_title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1a0f811d100f91402796fd53985ba29b1d786c49.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0390.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2138", "value_resource_id": 2138, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2138", "display_title": "GP0091", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/f013e0b5d4e9c4283dfc8b692e086a18f1d35595.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0091.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2050", "value_resource_id": 2050, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2050", "display_title": "GP 3 Alskog kyrka", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/50a7bab11df828a06ad8a95ac40128b793f64c22.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0003.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2167", "value_resource_id": 2167, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2167", "display_title": "GP0120", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/46171aa284fae7eec4ddcc269eca31cbc0e70fd9.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0120.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2386", "value_resource_id": 2386, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2386", "display_title": "GP 341 Sanda kyrka I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/b0a22f8bf7599dea66636e834db9b3016d8d9552.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0341.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@value": "Mushroom-shaped late-type ʻdwarf stoneʼ, belonging to ʻAbschnittʼ C according to Lindqvist, who dates those stones to the time around AD 700. Current research, however, tends to date them roughly to between the 8th century (or rather around AD 800) and the 10th century. Lisbeth Imer (2004, p. 104) dates the stone to the 9th century. According to Martin Rundkvist’s (2012) typology, the stone’s shape represents Type dwarf4, which occurs in his periods 4 (Late Vendel Period), 5 (Early Viking Period), and 6 (Middle Viking Period). According to Varenius’ ship typology (1992, pp. 69–74 and appendix 2), the rigging of the ship depiction belongs to his group III (segelskepp med skot i hanfot), which he dates to the 9th or 10th centuries. Lindqvist (1941/42 I, p. 71) assigns the vessel to his Hunningetypus, which occurs frequently on Type C picture stones. \n\nThe design of the sail, with small rectangles at the intersections of the diagonal lines (see VI), is similar to the Type D stones GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I and GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII or the Type C stones GP 160 Halla Broa III and GP 90 Fröjel kyrka. Good parallels for the the border decoration, an interlace pattern formed by s-shaped loops, can be seen on the stones GP 171 Hangvar kyrka III, GP 395 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVII, and GP 94 Garda Bote. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2052", "value_resource_id": 2052, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2052", "display_title": "GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/ad15c2e35b95a984bf0f785567b10cfd346dc922.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0005.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2068", "value_resource_id": 2068, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2068", "display_title": "GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/559bf4735a777ba206c0713bc3a7018d9174aacf.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0021.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2206", "value_resource_id": 2206, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2206", "display_title": "GP 160 Halla Broa II", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/7cb06f8f4cc38342dc9d0924e2829c3645a86732.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0160.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2137", "value_resource_id": 2137, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2137", "display_title": "GP 90 Fröjel kyrka", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/ed9c5be9e4a9ae3330c1100cdc6dde2ee2a6a805.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0090.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2217", "value_resource_id": 2217, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2217", "display_title": "GP0171", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/192c2b27e331ddffdcc29d3d48ef7317e91819f2.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0171.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2440", "value_resource_id": 2440, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2440", "display_title": "GP 395 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/cd3f96e2ea23815426e513d78c1073421cb88b76.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0395.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2141", "value_resource_id": 2141, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2141", "display_title": "GP0094", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/89d351acb925a49bbbc69ed6cd935473f2384af3.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0094.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:shapeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:3", "property_id": 305, "property_label": "Lindqvist Shape", "is_public": true, "@value": "Dwarf stone" } ], "ai2:typeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:2", "property_id": 303, "property_label": "Lindqvist Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "C/D (ca. 700-1000)" } ], "ai2:runicInscriptionYesNo": [ { "type": "customvocab:5", "property_id": 317, "property_label": "Runic Inscription or not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:references": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 288, "property_label": "References", "is_public": true, "@value": "Nordin 1903, p. 148, fig. 5; Lindqvist 1941/42 I, pp. 47, 71, 73, 75, 82–83, fig. 105, 116–117; II, p. 61, fig. 81–84; Varenius 1992, p. 72, fig. 40; Lamm/Nylén 2003, pp. 90–91; Helmbrecht 2011, p. 470 cat. no. 605; Ney 2012, pp. 78–79; Oehrl 2012a, pp. 92–93; 2019a, pp. 65–66, 89, pls. 30a–f, 54a–b. " } ], "ai2:slID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 328, "property_label": "Lindqvist Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "Halla, Broa IV" } ], "ai2:gotlandsmuseumID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 312, "property_label": "Gotlands Museum ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "GFA2263" } ], "ai2:model3D": [ { "type": "resource:item", "property_id": 344, "property_label": "3D model", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/4694", "value_resource_id": 4694, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/4694", "display_title": "3D model for GP0162", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/application/asset/thumbnails/default.png", "thumbnail_title": "GP0162_RGB.nxz", "thumbnail_type": "application/octet-stream" } ], "ai2:jpID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 308, "property_label": "Jan Peder Lamm ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "104" } ], "ai2:summarySwedish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@value": "Fyndplats \nBildstenen påträffades 1879 vid järnvägsbygge genom det stora järnåldersgravfältet i Broa i Halla socken. \n\nNuvarande lokalisering \nGotlands museum, utställd i Bildstenshallen. \n\nBeskrivning \nEn liten svampformig bildsten (typ C-D), 89 cm hög och 49 cm bred, uppdelad i två bildfält. I det övre bildfältet en ryttare med lösa byxor och ett svärd och framför ryttaren en stående person (kvinna?), troligen med ett dryckeshorn. Över den stående personen en fågel som flyger mot ryttaren. I det nedre bildfältet ett skepp med segel, tio sköldar och sex eller sju besättningsmän. \n\nDatering \nDateringen kan inte anges närmare, men bildstenen tillhör perioden 700-900-talen. \n\nTolkning \nRyttaren om möts av en kvinna med dryckesbägare tolkas normalt som en död man som välkomnas till dödsriket. \n\nAA " } ], "ai2:iconography": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "sail" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "ship" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "horse" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "rider" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "trousers" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "shield" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "man" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "woman" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "human figure" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "sheath" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "bird" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "spear" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "dress" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 295, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6390259" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 296, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "695514" } ], "@reverse": { "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2137", "o:title": "GP 90 Fröjel kyrka" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2156", "o:title": "GP 109 Gothem kyrka II" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2199", "o:title": "GP 153 Halla kyrka 2" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2207", "o:title": "GP 161 Halla Broa III" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2433", "o:title": "GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2435", "o:title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2195", "o:title": "GP 149 Halla Broa IX" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2206", "o:title": "GP 160 Halla Broa II" } ], "ai2:summarySwedish": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2607", "o:title": "GP 563 Väte kyrka 2" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2213", "o:title": "GP 167 Halla Unsarve" } ], "ai2:modelVisualizes": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/4694", "o:title": "3D model for GP0162" } ] } }, { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2258", "@type": [ "o:Item", "dctype:PhysicalObject" ], "o:id": 2258, "o:is_public": true, "o:owner": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/users/1", "o:id": 1 }, "o:resource_class": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_classes/32", "o:id": 32 }, "o:resource_template": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_templates/2", "o:id": 2 }, "o:thumbnail": null, "o:title": "GP 212 Klinte Hunninge (IV) (Klintebys)", "thumbnail_display_urls": { "large": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/large/403f779f9a82ef3ff7d10083df0c57792d7a2877.jpg", "medium": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/medium/403f779f9a82ef3ff7d10083df0c57792d7a2877.jpg", "square": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/403f779f9a82ef3ff7d10083df0c57792d7a2877.jpg" }, "o:created": { "@value": "2023-03-07T10:42:12+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:modified": { "@value": "2025-04-22T09:20:23+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:primary_media": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4243", "o:id": 4243 }, "o:media": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4243", "o:id": 4243 } ], "o:item_set": [], "o:site": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/sites/2", "o:id": 2 } ], "dcterms:title": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 1, "property_label": "Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP 212 Klinte Hunninge (IV) (Klintebys)" } ], "dcterms:identifier": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 10, "property_label": "Identifier", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP0212" } ], "ai2:urlLinks": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 316, "property_label": "Links", "is_public": true, "@id": "https://app.raa.se/open/arkivsok/results?arkiv_samling=Sune%20Lindqvist%20-%20Prim%C3%A4rmaterial%20Gotlands%20Bildsteine&searchtype=filter&page=0&pagesize=25", "o:label": "ATA" } ], "ai2:ksamsok": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 346, "property_label": "K-Samsök", "is_public": true, "@id": "\thttp://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/lamning/b8031d81-d102-40b5-9ce4-34e47695debe", "o:label": "K-Samsök" } ], "ai2:findLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 280, "property_label": "Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Property of Hunninge gård (?) in Klinte parish. " } ], "ai2:findLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:7", "property_id": 318, "property_label": "Find Context Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Private Property" } ], "ai2:findLocationParish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 293, "property_label": "Parish Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Klinte" } ], "ai2:findingPlaceName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 292, "property_label": "Finding Place Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Klinte Hunninge" } ], "ai2:findLocationContext": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 291, "property_label": "Find Context", "is_public": true, "@value": "Denna bildsten befann sig år 1934 sedan en obekant rad av år i Klintebys trädgård, där den stod lutad mot den mur som omger parken där. Det kan tyckas naturligt att anta, att också denna sten härstammar från Hunninge, emellertid får man inte reda på något" } ], "ai2:grave": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 306, "property_label": "Grave or Not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:presentLocationParish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 297, "property_label": "Parish Present Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Klinte" } ], "ai2:presentLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 281, "property_label": "Present Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Re-erected in a small wood belonging to the farm Klintebys (Klintebys park). " } ], "ai2:presentLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:6", "property_id": 332, "property_label": "Present Location Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Private Property" } ], "ai2:presentLocationName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 314, "property_label": "Present Location Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Ute" } ], "ai2:presentLocationNote": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 294, "property_label": "Context Present Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Klintebys" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@value": "According to Lindqvist (1941/42 II, p. 80), the picture stone GP 209 Klinte Hunninge I was “[…] found in the 1860s during the tillage of a field in Hunninge (Lättstain), a farm belonging to Loggarve, where it is supposed to have been lying together with [Klinte Hunninge] II. From there, the stone [no. I] was transferred to the park in Klintebys, where it still stood in July 1941”, while [stone no. II] “[…] was transported to the outer edge of Klinteberget, just northeast of the church, where it remains to this day” (ibid. 81). GP 211 Klinte Hunninge III “[…] was found at the edge of a small gravel pit just southwest of the estate of Arvid Lerberg to the north of the highway Klinte–Visby […] and was donated to [Gotlands Fornsal]” (ibid.). The find year is not given by Lindqvist. Regarding Klinte Hunninge IV (Klintebys), he notes that “[i]n 1934, this picture stone has been for an unknown number of years in the garden of Klintebys, where it leans against the wall of the local park. It appears natural to suppose that this stone came from Hunninge, also, but no details about its origins could be established” (ibid.). Therefore, Lindqvist calls the stone ʻKlinte sockenʼ (parish, Klinte Kirchspiel), while Jan Peder Lamm listed it as ʻKlinte Hunninge IVʼ. Later, the stone was re-erected, several meters in front of the wall, anchored in the ground with small stones and concrete. \n\nAccording to a report by Ture Carlsson and a regarding letter by David Rosvall to the National Antiquarian from 1930 (ATA dnr 4546-30, 4794-30), picture stone no. III was registered by Carlsson in the same year and taken from Lerbergʼs garden. Carlsson also notes that no. IV was said to have been discovered one year ago at the very same spot. He also mentions that in previous times two more stones (i.e., nos. I and II) had been found at approximately the same place. From there, as Rosvall assumes, they were transported to a field, afterwards re-used as bridge stones, and a lifetime later placed in Klintebys park. In the 1965 inventory about the monuments in Klinte parish (ATA), it is noted that the stones nos. I, II, and IV probably originated from land owned by Klintebys farm, which, however, was situated in the area of Hunninge gård (farm), where they were re-used as bridge stones over a ditch, before they were transferred to the park in Klintebys (“Sägas flyttats från Klintebys ägor å Hunninge, där de uppgivas ha legat som brostenar över diken”). In the 1927 inventory of monuments in Klinte parish (Förteckning över Klinte sockens fasta fornlämningar) kept in ATA, I and II are mentioned as still being situated in Klintebys park. \n\nConsequently, the object biography of the four stones is confusing and their original find spots are impossible to determine. Stone no. I was transferred to Gotlands Museum after the publication of Lindqvistʼa book, no. II is still standing on Klinteberget, no. III is kept in the museumʼs storage in Visborg, and no. IV is still standing in Klintebys park. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2255", "value_resource_id": 2255, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2255", "display_title": "GP0209", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/0e23943917d457212ccf0fc888de9f993ebb9778.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0209.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2256", "value_resource_id": 2256, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2256", "display_title": "GP 210 Klinte Hunninge II (Klinteberget)", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/c485b40065f70540d2e73913c274e8ef5773688c.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0210.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2257", "value_resource_id": 2257, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2257", "display_title": "GP 211 Klinte Hunninge III", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/cb5d2c8af425bf47098bed0d220392ad0e0bdcce.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0211.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:measurementsMaterialAndCondition": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 283, "property_label": "Measurements, Material and Condition", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist (1941/42 I, p. 81) notes: “Limestone slab, about 20 cm thick. The obverse is even, but especially on its right half with considerable bumps. The narrow sides are hewn at about right angles towards the obverse and rounded towards the back. The reverse is rough and unworked. The stone’s height is 186 cm, the distance between its top and the lower edge of the decoration is 151 cm. The width of the head is 78 cm, that of the neck 73, and that of the base 99 cm.” The monument is completely preserved, including its root; only the right-hand edge is partly damaged. Already in Lindqvistʼs time, parts of the surface were much weathered and indiscernible, in particular in the right third and in the middle of the stone. Due to its re-erection and anchoring in the ground, parts of the decorated base are not visible anymore. Furthermore, the stone meanwhile has been exposed to the weather without protection for about a century, and thus the imagery is much abraded and partly destroyed. The entire surface is heavily overgrown by lichens. Today, it is almost impossible to verify Lindqvistʼs documentation of the carvings with certainty. " } ], "ai2:dimensionsHeight": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 298, "property_label": "Height", "is_public": true, "@value": "186" } ], "ai2:dimensionsWidth": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 299, "property_label": "Width", "is_public": true, "@value": "99" } ], "ai2:dimensionsThickness": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 300, "property_label": "Thickness", "is_public": true, "@value": "20" } ], "ai2:material": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 301, "property_label": "Material", "is_public": true, "@value": "Limestone" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist (1941/42 I, pp. 81–82) describes the carvings as follows: “Decoration with faintly carved lines and primarily with chiselled background fields. In the horse in the top panel, thin lines can be made out defining the horse’s right leg. The border is filled with a simplified ‘twisted-cord’ pattern. The top panel shows a horseman supporting himself with one hand on the horse’s croup and carrying a hunting bird on the elbow of the same arm; in the other hand, he holds the reins. Above the horseman, a dog and a bird(?) can be seen, in front of him a woman facing him and holding a horn in her hand. The next panel shows a ship with rounded stem featuring a small spiral disc at its terminal, as well as a sail with a pattern of rhombi, the middle fields of which are carved into the stone. In the ship, there probably is a row of crewmen facing right; below the ship, two horses (which probably carried riders, but their figures are very hard to recognise). Behind the right horse possibly a walking person is depicted. At the very bottom, one perceives a row of chiselled triangles pointing downwards.” \n\nThe horseman is hardly “carrying a hunting bird on the elbow”, as Lindqvist suggests, but rather on his fist, as it is usual in falconry. In one of his hands the depicted horseman is holding the reins; on the other hand, stretched out to the left, the raptor is sitting. A vertical stripe connects the man’s outstretched arm, which is holding the bird, with the horse’s back. The meaning of this detail is uncertain, but it could represent the straps of leather on the raptor’s legs, used by falconers to tether the bird (ʻjessesʼ, German Geschüh). Otherwise, it could be interpreted as an ʻeagle crutchʼ, a device used by, for instance, Kyrgyz falconers for supporting their arm while holding their heavy hunting eagle. \n\nHowever, as noted above, the carvings are in very bad condition and it is difficult to verify the images and details described by Lindqvist and depicted in the photo of the painted stone which is published in his book (ibid. II, fig. 134, cf. ATA 1719:17 [taken by H. Faith-Ell 1933]). Other pictures, including those before the stone was painted by Lindqvist, are not available in the archives. Oehrl (2019a, pp. 179–180), who re-analysed the stone in 2013 by means of 3D digitisation and Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI), concludes that only the rough contours of the main motifs can be brought to light, while most of it remains indiscernible to the naked eye. \n\nRegarding the possible bird (cf. Oehrl 2010a, pp. 24–25, pl. VI:15) that appears to fly ahead of the horse, Oehrl (2019a, pls. 184a–c, 185a–c), based on the results of his RTI documentation, suggests a new interpretation, considering a four-legged prey animal, presumably a fox. " } ], "ai2:interpretations": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@value": "Regarding the interpretation of the ship and equestrian motifs see in particular GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III, concerning the horseman and adventus motiv see also GP 94 Garda Bote, GP 209 Klinte Hunninge I, GP 21 Ardre Kyrka VIII and GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I. Usually, for good reasons, the motif of the equestrian and the woman with the drinking horn is interpreted as the arrival of a fallen warrior in Valhǫll, who is welcomed by a valkyrie. \n\nThe horseman with the raptor on Klinte Hunninge IV (Klintebys) is regarded as the earliest known Scandinavian monument that clearly depicts a falconry scene. According to the Barbarian Law Codes, the leges barbarorum, hunting with raptors was well established among the Continental tribes from the 5th or 6th century onwards (Lindner 1973; Grimm/Oehrl 2017; Dusil 2018). Bones of birds of prey in richly furnished graves of the 6th–10th centuries appear to prove that falconry was also already practised in East Middle Sweden from an early age (Vretemark 2018). Written allusions to falconry in Old Norse literature come to the fore in the 10th or 11th century at the earliest (Hofmann 1957/58; Carstens 2018). In addition, pictorial depictions should be considered important source material, indicating a certain knowledge of this form of hunting among the early Scandinavians (Åkerström-Hougen 1981; Oehrl 2012c; 2013a; 2014a; 2018; 2020d; Grimm/Oehrl 2017). \n\nBird brooches and raptor-shaped fittings from the Vendel Period (Atterman 1934) are occasionally regarded as further evidence for early Scandinavian falconry. Actually, some of these items represent raptors holding and devouring their prey, like the 7th century gilded saddle fittings from a horseman’s grave at Vallstena in Gotland (Nerman 1969/75, no. 1260–1263) and the gold and garnet cloisonné mounts of the purse lid from the Anglo-Saxon princely ship burial at Sutton Hoo (Suffolk, East Anglia), also from the 7th century, depicting a raptor striking a duck (Hicks 1986, 162–165; Adams 2015, 43–48). However, images like this – without clearly assignable human participants, horses and hunting dogs – cannot with certainty be regarded as depictions of falconry. As some of them were used as shield decorations or saddle fittings, it could be reasonable to interpret them as warrior emblems, probably in the context of the ʻbeasts of battleʼ tradition (see GP 253 Lärbro St. Hammars I, and GP 258 Lärbro Tängelgårda I), like the bird brooch from Lisbjerg in Jutland from the 6th/7th century AD depicting a similar raptor that is striking a human figure (Ørsnes 1966, no. 159a; Kjærum/Olsen 1990, p. 162 no. 63; Oehrl 2020d, pp. 455–457), or just as symbols of power or mythological motifs (Dickinson 2005, pp. 152–160; 2011, pp. 644–650; Hauck 1980a, pp. 274–286; 1982c, pp. 321–328; Oehrl in print b). Even the raptors on Migration Period gold bracteates have been interpreted in the context of falconry, which is by no means plausible (Pesch 2018). \n\nAnother undoubted depiction of falconry can be seen on the Viking Age rune stone from Alstad in Oppland, Norway, from between AD 1000 and 1030 (N 61–62; Christiansen 1997). A horseman with a bird of prey on his fist, together with two hounds, and a second big raptor on the top of the stone can be seen. A strange, long object in the hand of a second horseman at the bottom, which is club-like and broadens towards its top, could be regarded as a perch for the raptor. A T-shaped perch is depicted on a bronze Viking ship from Grimsta near Stockholm, Sweden, from the 11th century (Biörnstad 1958). The depicted horseman holds his bird on his left fist and the perch in his right hand. There is also a group of 11th century Swedish rune stones. The stone from Vidbo kyrka (Uppland, U 375), for instance, depicts a horseman above whom a stylized bird seems to be flying. On the rune stone from Hanunda (Uppland, U 599), a horseman lifts up his hand and above him a big raptor is situated on the runic border. Possibly, this rider is a falconer who is calling his bird back to his fist. \n\nA matter of particular interest is the 11th century rune stone from Böksta/Balingsta (Uppland, U 855). It depicts a mounted hunter with a spear, pursuing a red deer stag with his hounds. A stylized raptor is standing on the stag’s antlers attacking its head with its beak. This depiction appears to represent a special kind of falconry, i.e., hunting big game animals with raptors, which was widespread in the Arab world, but almost unknown in medieval Europe. On the basis of this rune stone, it has been considered that Viking falconers were influenced by Eastern hunting traditions (Oehrl 2013a; 2014a). Apart from this, early images of falconry can also be observed on carved stones on the British Isles – on the prominent 8th century Anglo-Saxon stone cross from Bewcastle in Cumberland, on 8th/9th century Pictish carved stones from Scotland, as well as on the Viking or ʻAnglo-Scandinavianʼ stone cross from Sockburn in Durham, dating to the first half of the 10th century (Cramp 1984, 136; Bailey/Cramp 1988, pp. 69–70; Carrington 1996; Oehrl 2018, pp. 841–843, figs. 1–5, 10). \n\nAs a result, the horseman from Klintebys is not the only Viking Age depiction of a falconer but must be regarded the earliest pictorial representation of a falconer in Scandinavian art. Remarkably, the fallen hero arriving at the gates of the warrior’s paradise is glorified as a falconer – on horseback, with a hunting hound and a raptor on his fist. \n\nWhether there were actually human riders on the backs of the two facing horses in the lower part of the stone remains unclear. If this was not the case, the depiction can be associated with similar images of facing horses on Type A and Type B picture stones. The topic of horse fights (called hestavíg in Old Norse literature) and horse sacrifice in the iconography of the (early) Gotland picture stones has often been discussed, see in particular GP 198 Hellvi Ire 7 and the following literature: Gjessing 1943, pp. 29–30; Lindqvst 1955, pp. 41–43; Ellmers 1970, pp. 243–245; Lamm/Nylén 2003, p. 26; Althaus 1993, pp. 87–89, 192–193; Lamm 1999; Beck 2003, pp. 96–97; Guber 2011, pp. 55–56; Pesch 2015a, p. 357; Oehrl 2019a, pp. 62–63. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2435", "value_resource_id": 2435, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2435", "display_title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1a0f811d100f91402796fd53985ba29b1d786c49.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0390.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2141", "value_resource_id": 2141, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2141", "display_title": "GP0094", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/89d351acb925a49bbbc69ed6cd935473f2384af3.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0094.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2255", "value_resource_id": 2255, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2255", "display_title": "GP0209", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/0e23943917d457212ccf0fc888de9f993ebb9778.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0209.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2068", "value_resource_id": 2068, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2068", "display_title": "GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/559bf4735a777ba206c0713bc3a7018d9174aacf.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0021.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2052", "value_resource_id": 2052, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2052", "display_title": "GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/ad15c2e35b95a984bf0f785567b10cfd346dc922.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0005.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2299", "value_resource_id": 2299, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2299", "display_title": "GP 253 Lärbro Stora Hammars I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/d633dfb0db357f71c420b161a1e48e1024726ee9.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0253", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2304", "value_resource_id": 2304, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2304", "display_title": "GP0258", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/77873047d434a760273ee33746e1e5a43285e370.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0258.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2244", "value_resource_id": 2244, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2244", "display_title": "GP 198 Hellvi Ire 7" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@value": "Tall mushroom-shaped late-type picture stone. Lindqvist regards the stone as an ʻAbschnittʼ C monument, dating to around AD 700. Those late-type picture stones (Type C/D) can only be roughly dated to the period between the 8th century (or rather around AD 800) and circa 1000. Lindqvist (1941/42 I, p. 46) assigns the stone to his Klintegruppe, which consists of only a few monuments from the parish of Klinte and which he regards as the best representative of a kind of picture stones typical for the southern part of Gotland, called Der südgutnische Kreis. The most characteristic feature of those monuments is the placement of the ship motif directly below the head field with the horseman. \n\nAccording to Martin Rundkvist’s (2012) typology, the stone’s shape represents Type tall3, which occurs in his periods 5 (Early Viking Period), and 7 (Late Viking Period). Imer (2004, p. 104), however, dates monuments of this kind to the 9th or 10th century, while Varenius (1992, appendix 2), based on his analysis of the ship’s rigging (group II skepp med enkel rigg), dates it to the 7th–9th century. " } ], "ai2:shapeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:3", "property_id": 305, "property_label": "Lindqvist Shape", "is_public": true, "@value": "Tall stone" } ], "ai2:typeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:2", "property_id": 303, "property_label": "Lindqvist Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "C/D (ca. 700-1000)" } ], "ai2:runicInscriptionYesNo": [ { "type": "customvocab:5", "property_id": 317, "property_label": "Runic Inscription or not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:references": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 288, "property_label": "References", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist 1941/42 I, pp. 46, 89–90; fig. 143; II, pp. 81–82; Hofmann 1957/58; Åkerström-Hougen 1981, pp. 275–276, 285; Vretemark 1983; Althaus 1993, p. 193; Raudvere 2004, p. 90, fig. 10; Oehrl 2010; 2012c; 2013a; 2014a; 2017b, p. 105, fig. 10a–c; 2018; 2020d; Grimm/Oehrl 2017. " } ], "ai2:fornsokID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 310, "property_label": "Fornsök ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "L1976:508" } ], "ai2:raaID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 307, "property_label": "RAÄ ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "Klinte 5:3" } ], "ai2:slID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 328, "property_label": "Lindqvist Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "Klinte, Kirchspiel" } ], "ai2:model3D": [ { "type": "resource:item", "property_id": 344, "property_label": "3D model", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/4744", "value_resource_id": 4744, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/4744", "display_title": "3D model for GP0212", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/application/asset/thumbnails/default.png", "thumbnail_title": "GP0212_RGB.nxz", "thumbnail_type": "application/octet-stream" } ], "ai2:jpID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 308, "property_label": "Jan Peder Lamm ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "156" } ], "ai2:summarySwedish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@value": "Fyndplats \nPåträffades 1929 i kanten av ett grustag norr om vägen Klinte-Visby. Enligt brev från 1930 påträffades GP 211 Klinte Hunninge III på samma plats något tidigare. Troligen kommer även GP 209-10 Klinte Hunninge I-II från samma område. Bildstenen flyttades efter fyndet till Klintebys park, där den stod redan 1934. \n\nNuvarande lokalisering \nI Klintebys park. \n\nBeskrivning \nHelt bevarad stor svampformig bildsten (period CD), 186 cm hög och som bredast 99 cm. Vittrad och övervuxen av lav. I det övre bildfältet en kvinna med bägare som, möter en ryttare med en jaktfågel. Över ryttare en hund och möjligen en fågel. I nästa bildfält ett skepp med segel och troligen besättningsmän. Under skeppet två hästar, troligen med ryttare och en gående person. Längst ned en rad av trianglar. \n\nDatering \nDateringen oklar, men den tillhör perioden 700-900-talen. \n\nTolkning \nVälkomstmotivet avbildar troligen en valkyria som mottar en död man i Valhall. Jaktfågelmotivet det äldsta i Skandinavien. \n\nAA " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2257", "value_resource_id": 2257, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2257", "display_title": "GP 211 Klinte Hunninge III", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/cb5d2c8af425bf47098bed0d220392ad0e0bdcce.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0211.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2255", "value_resource_id": 2255, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2255", "display_title": "GP0209", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/0e23943917d457212ccf0fc888de9f993ebb9778.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0209.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2256", "value_resource_id": 2256, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2256", "display_title": "GP 210 Klinte Hunninge II (Klinteberget)", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/c485b40065f70540d2e73913c274e8ef5773688c.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0210.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:iconography": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "horse" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "rider" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "horsegear" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "bird of prey" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "dog" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "bird" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "woman" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "drinking horn" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "ship" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "sail" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "man" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "human figure" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "quadruped" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "triangle" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "valkyrie" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 295, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6365286" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 296, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "695350" } ], "@reverse": { "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2257", "o:title": "GP 211 Klinte Hunninge III" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2256", "o:title": "GP 210 Klinte Hunninge II (Klinteberget)" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2126", "o:title": "GP 79 Etelhem Järnvägslinje" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2142", "o:title": "GP 95 Garda kyrka 7" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2195", "o:title": "GP 149 Halla Broa IX" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2216", "o:title": "GP 170 Halla kyrka 5" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2607", "o:title": "GP 563 Väte kyrka 2" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2616", "o:title": "GP 572 Eksta kyrka" } ], "ai2:interpretations": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2207", "o:title": "GP 161 Halla Broa III" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2208", "o:title": "GP 162 Halla Broa IV" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2433", "o:title": "GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2576", "o:title": "GP 532 Träkumla kyrka 1" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2605", "o:title": "GP 561 Väte Gullarve" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2607", "o:title": "GP 563 Väte kyrka 2" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2435", "o:title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2177", "o:title": "GP 131 Hablingbo kyrka (I)" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2614", "o:title": "GP 570 Stenkyrka kyrkogården" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2616", "o:title": "GP 572 Eksta kyrka" } ], "ai2:summarySwedish": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2257", "o:title": "GP 211 Klinte Hunninge III" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2616", "o:title": "GP 572 Eksta kyrka" } ], "ai2:modelVisualizes": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/4744", "o:title": "3D model for GP0212" } ] } }, { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2081", "@type": [ "o:Item", "dctype:PhysicalObject" ], "o:id": 2081, "o:is_public": true, "o:owner": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/users/1", "o:id": 1 }, "o:resource_class": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_classes/32", "o:id": 32 }, "o:resource_template": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_templates/2", "o:id": 2 }, "o:thumbnail": null, "o:title": "GP 34 Boge Laxarve 2", "thumbnail_display_urls": { "large": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/large/1d99613c087fb6dce266610f1c529e77300c50a5.jpg", "medium": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/medium/1d99613c087fb6dce266610f1c529e77300c50a5.jpg", "square": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1d99613c087fb6dce266610f1c529e77300c50a5.jpg" }, "o:created": { "@value": "2023-03-07T10:42:08+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:modified": { "@value": "2025-04-15T10:51:23+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:primary_media": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4138", "o:id": 4138 }, "o:media": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4138", "o:id": 4138 }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/2864", "o:id": 2864 }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/2865", "o:id": 2865 }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/2866", "o:id": 2866 } ], "o:item_set": [], "o:site": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/sites/2", "o:id": 2 } ], "dcterms:title": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 1, "property_label": "Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP 34 Boge Laxarve 2" } ], "dcterms:identifier": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 10, "property_label": "Identifier", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP0034" } ], "ai2:urlLinks": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 316, "property_label": "Links", "is_public": true, "@id": "https://app.raa.se/open/arkivsok/results?arkiv_samling=Sune%20Lindqvist%20-%20Prim%C3%A4rmaterial%20Gotlands%20Bildsteine&searchtype=filter&page=0&pagesize=25", "o:label": "ATA" } ], "ai2:ksamsok": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 346, "property_label": "K-Samsök", "is_public": true, "@id": "\thttp://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/lamning/e25703a1-9b4d-4e95-bdfd-56afd9eae159", "o:label": "K-Samsök" } ], "ai2:findLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 280, "property_label": "Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Cemetery at Boge Laxarve (RAÄ Boge 9:2), burial 16." } ], "ai2:findLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:7", "property_id": 318, "property_label": "Find Context Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Grave" } ], "ai2:findLocationParish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 293, "property_label": "Parish Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Boge" } ], "ai2:findingPlaceName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 292, "property_label": "Finding Place Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Boge Laxarve" } ], "ai2:findLocationContext": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 291, "property_label": "Find Context", "is_public": true, "@value": "Grav 16 på gravfältet (GA 1962:19. Bild 10)" } ], "ai2:presentLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 281, "property_label": "Present Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "The Viking Museum, Stockholm.\n" } ], "ai2:presentLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:6", "property_id": 332, "property_label": "Present Location Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Other" } ], "ai2:presentLocationName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 314, "property_label": "Present Location Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Viking Museum Sthlm" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@value": "The fragment was discovered in 1956 in the small cemetery of Boge Laxarve near Gotland’s north-east coast, about 2.5 km south-west of Slite (for the archaeological context, see Thunmark-Nylén 1995–2006 I, p. 14; IV, p. 65). The investigation of the largely destroyed cemetery, directed by Greta Arwidsson, was carried out in 1948, 1949/1950, and 1955/1956. Overall, the area covers about 70 x 30 m and contains about 15 burial mounds and several stone settings. The stone was found in the undisturbed inhumation grave no. 16, which was dated to the early 11th century. The woman buried here had been laid to rest in a cist and equipped with the following grave-goods: an animal-head brooch dating to the early 10th century (an heirloom), three beads, a knife, two combs, two keys, a needle case with a needle, a jewellery chain, and some nails and iron rods. The picture stone fragment was used as part of a stone layer covering the cist (Rundkvist 2012, pp. 151–152). Within this stone packing, about ten smaller stone fragments were found that might have been part of the original monument as well. On inspection, however, no clear traces of work were found, and as their whereabouts today are unknown, this notion remains speculative. The discovery of the picture stone was published in 1962 by Sune Lindqvist in an article in “Gotländskt Arkiv”, which included a photograph in which the stone’s imagery was traced in paint (Lindqvist 1962, fig. 10; cf. Lamm/Nylén 2003, p. 55). Lindqvist provided no further information. " } ], "ai2:measurementsMaterialAndCondition": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 283, "property_label": "Measurements, Material and Condition", "is_public": true, "@value": "The fragment is limestone and approximately triangular, not exceeding 52 cm in height and 54 cm in width. It is broken on all sides so that there is no trace of the former outer edges to indicate the stone’s original contours. The material appears to be quite homogenous, with very few obstructive structures, such as small, cup-like hollows or spalling and ridges. The imagery, executed in bas-relief, is quite distinct, as outer contours of the figures are largely defined by clear and deep-cut lines. Moreover, the artist carved the background planes meticulously so that it appears as a rough, evenly grooved structure that is easily distinguishable from the raised fields (1 mm max.). There are virtually no indications of weathering on the even surface. " } ], "ai2:dimensionsHeight": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 298, "property_label": "Height", "is_public": true, "@value": "55" } ], "ai2:dimensionsWidth": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 299, "property_label": "Width", "is_public": true, "@value": "67" } ], "ai2:material": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 301, "property_label": "Material", "is_public": true, "@value": "Limestone" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist (1962, fig. 10) offers a – very small – photograph showing the limestone slab after the background planes had been coloured in. (For a larger reproduction of the same original photograph, see Oehrl 2019a, pl. 307a). Lindqvist’s description also is very brief: “Of the two warriors, who are observed in front of the mast, are seen their shoulders and arms. Each holds a sword in his right, a shot in the left hand. In front of them, a square ’open-work’ plate, whose meaning I don’t know” (Lindqvist 1962, p. 19). Above the two warriors, there is an elongated, shapeless area, which may be interpreted as rigging or ropes, but more likely it is a larger object that hovers over the crew. \n\nIn the narrow field to the right of the mast, another faint figure can be made out. A larger image of the picture stone fragment provided by Lamm and Nylén features only the two warriors on board the ship, not the unclear figures to either side of the pair (2003, p. 55). Drawing on RTI images and 3D models, Oehrl thoroughly examined the stone and compared its images with those indicated by Lindqvist’s colouring, yielding the following results (2019a, pp. 257–259; pls. 308a–314b, 315d). Mast, yardarm, and the sail with its rhombic pattern – with alternately raised and sunken fields – are carved most carefully and are easily recognisable. To a large degree, the warrior figures on board of the ship can also be verified, according to Oehrl. The shape above them, however, remains dubious. Judging from the published photographs of the fragment, it is possible that the shape represents the vague remains of the ship’s rigging leading down to the sheet ropes in the men’s hands. The entire section above the two crew members with their swords, however, is covered with a regular pattern of the parallel grooves produced by the mason’s tools that chiselled the sunken surface of the background (ibid. pls. 313c–314), which speaks against the presence of figures or motifs in relief here. Similarly, the ropes that the warriors would hold in their hands cannot be confirmed; instead, the right warrior appears to be equipped with two swords. \n\nOf particular interest is the field close to the right edge, to the right of the mast. In it, Oehrl was able to prove the presence of the figure of a woman, looking left, with clearly defined and pointed feet, a long dress, and an ample bust (ibid. pls. 310a–314b). The woman’s head is difficult to discern and has no indication of hair. Other elements under the figure indicated by Lindqvist’s picture cannot be verified, as that entire area is covered by chisel marks. The woman does not touch the ship but appears to hover over its deck or rails. \n\nThe rectangular object with vertical stripes at the ship’s bow can be confirmed, according to Oehrl, and identified as a stringed instrument, namely a lyre, as it also can be seen on the picture stone from GP 248 Lärbro Källstäde (more comprehensively, also regarding its symbolic meaning: Oehrl 2019a, pp. 259–262). Archaeological evidence for lyres of this sort is known from the 2nd to the 8th/9th centuries and has been found particularly in England, Germany, and the Netherlands (Bruce-Mitford 1983, pp. 611–727; Betz/Wanzeck 1999; Kolltveit 2000; Bischop 2002; Koch 2004). Most prominent are, for example, the complete instruments from the Alemannic row grave fields of Oberflacht (6th and first quarter of the 7th c.) (Paulsen 1992, pp. 147–155; figs. 126–127) and Trossingen (burial dated to AD 580) (Theune-Großkopf 2002; 2005; 2006; 2010), from a Frankish burial of high status underneath St. Severin in Cologne (early 8th c.) (Päffgen 1992 I, pp. 481–485; figs. 169–170; II, pp. 280–284; III, pl. 59:5), as well as the Anglo-Saxon royal burial at Sutton Hoo (7th c. [AD 624/625?]) (Bruce-Mitford 1970; 1983, pp. 611–727). There also are lyres or their components from the North (Bischop 2002): a bridge of a lyre was found at Birka (9th c.) (Salmen 1970, p. 8, fig. 1:3), a lyre yoke in Hedeby (11th c.) (Lawson 1984), and two fragments of bridges at Wurt Elisenhof near Tönning (8th c.) (Salmen 1970, pp. 7–8; fig. 1:4; pl. 3,1–2). From Gotland, two examples are known: an amber bridge from the ‘chief’s grave’ at Broa in Halla parish (8th c.) (Reimers 1980) and a bronze bridge from Gerete, Fardhem parish (Vedin 2007). " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2294", "value_resource_id": 2294, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2294", "display_title": "GP 248 Lärbro Källstäde", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/9245c42641d553334544ddbfa82aa6106e8fab2e.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0248.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:interpretations": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@value": "A woman on board a sailing ship is unique in the iconography of the Gotlandic picture stones. There may be literary and archaeological evidence indicating fighting (Gardeła 2018) and seafaring (Jesch 2001) women during the Viking Age, but the female figure of Boge Laxarve 2 stands out particularly from the other crew members: while the armed men are standing or sitting on the ship’s deck, the woman is hovering over the rails without touching the ship with her feet. This method of presentation appears to put her in the realm of the supernatural and is reminiscent of the divine ship guide with horned headgear on GP 339 Rute St. Valle 2 hovering behind the ship’s stem. This probably is the god Óðinn, who either is consecrating the ship’s crewmen to death and accompanying them to the realm of the dead or, as a “Sieghelfer” (ʻvictory helperʼ), rendering supernatural assistance in battle (Oehrl 2016b; 2017a; 2019a, pp. 240–242). \n\nAgainst this background, it is plausible to regard the woman hovering over the ship of Boge Laxarve 2 as a valkyrie, who, on behalf of the god Óðinn, chooses the slain and escorts the ship of the defeated and its crew to Valhǫll (Oehrl 2019a, p. 262). This role of the valkyries is suggested by their name (valkyrja ‘choosers of the fallen’ [valr ‘the fallen on the battlefield’, kjósa ‘choose, select’]) (recently and comprehensively: Zimmermann 2012; Egeler 2011). The role is well documented in skaldic and eddic poetry as well as in Snorri’s Gylfaginning (36, Faulkes 2005, p. 30) and mentioned, for example, in the Hákonarmál by the skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir as early as 960/961 (stanza 1, Finnur Jónsson 1912–1915 A I, p. 64; B I, 57; Whaley 2012, p. 174). Also in Darraðarljóð, probably composed soon after 1014 (or in the early 10th century? Poole 1991, pp. 120–125), the valkyries decide who is going to die in battle (Finnur Jónsson 1912–1915 A I, pp. 419–421; B I, pp. 389–391). \n\nIf in fact the woman on the picture stone depicts a valkyrie, she could also be understood as a supporter of the crew (Oehrl 2019a, p. 263), as the valkyries, just like Óðinn, can act as battle helpers (Price 2002, 346–350). Helgakviða Hiǫrvarðzsonar (HHv, prose after stanza 9), for example, explicitly mentions that the valkyrie Sváva frequently protected Helgi in battle (Neckel/Kuhn 1983, p. 143) Helgakviða Hundingsbana in fyrri (HH I, stanzas 54–55) tells the story of valkyries descending from the sky to protect Helgi and bring him victory (ibid. pp. 138–139). In Helgakviða Hundingsbana ǫnnor (HH II, stanzas 11–12), Helgi asks Sigrún how she could know details of his military exploits, and the valkyrie answers that she was not far away during battle (Varca ec fiarri, ibid. p. 152). Regarding the picture stone, stanza 30 of Helgakviða Hundingsbana in fyrri might be of particular interest, as here the valkyrie provides protection for Helgi’s ships and crew: Helgi’s fleet gets caught in a life-threatening thunderstorm, but thanks to supernatural help, the men survive. Sigrún, it is said, protected Helgi’s men and the ships ‘from above’ (ofan, ibid. p. 134). Accordingly, the woman above the ship from Boge Laxarve 2 might be interpreted as a valkyrie who is present during a sea battle to protect the ship’s crew, as described in the lays of Helgi of the Codex Regius. The date of the lays remains controversial and varies between the 11th century and about 1250 (von See et al. 2004). \n\nApart from the valkyries, other supernatural battle helpers can be considered for the interpretation of Boge Laxarve 2 (Oehrl 2019a, p. 264), such as the fylgjur. These spirit-like beings frequently appear both in the form of women and in combat contexts (Heide 2016). Also, the Norwegian local deity Þorgerðr Hǫlgabrúðr, who was venerated in the 10th century in Hálogaland and was the patron goddess of Hákon, earl of Lade (Storm 1885; Chadwick 1950; de Vries 1956–1957, pp. 340–342; Halvorsen 1976, Motz 1993; McKinnell 2002; Steinsland 2011, pp. 53–55), has some characteristics resembling those of valkyries, and in Jómsvíkinga saga, she appears on a warship (Blake 1964, p. 37). During a battle fought on board ships, she joins the Earl’s men, conjures a terrible storm, and from her fingers hurls deadly magic arrows against the enemy. The supernatural storm is directed against the hostile Jómsvikings and makes their projectiles turn back against themselves. Only those men who have the second sight (ófreskir menn) are able to see the apparition of the woman. Her intervention on the ship secures the Earl’s victory. It is quite possible that this motif traces back to old oral traditions (Halvorsen 1976, col. 383). Similar ideas and narratives could have been known on Gotland as well. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2384", "value_resource_id": 2384, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2384", "display_title": "GP 339 Rute St. Valle 2", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/f2f482480f543f7cf6b285590bbf8cb7c420d43e.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0339.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@value": "The ship with its checkered sail and armed crew is typical for picture stones of Type C. The way both the male crew members and the female figure are shown in profile, however, is reminiscent of stylistic characteristics of Lindqvist’s ʻAbschnittʼ D and his ʻTjängvide-Gruppe.ʼ Lindqvist dated the Type C stones to about 700 or the early 8th century, but he considered the small group of Type D stones as slightly later, from the second half of the 8th century. This view is now regarded as obsolete. According to Eshleman (1983), stones of Type C were strongly influenced by the art of the Carolingian Renaissance and therefore should instead be dated to the period between AD 790 and 840. Archaeological excavations at Type C picture stones still in situ suggest a date about the year 800. Some runic inscriptions on picture stones of Type C have been dated to between AD 850 and 900 (Snædal 2002, pp. 48–53, 63–64; Gustavson 2012, p. 112 with references), and the runes on GP 244 Lokrume kyrka [C] probably belong to the second half of the 10th century (Källström 2012, p. 127), while those on GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I [D] are likely to date from the latter half of the 10th century or even circa 1000. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2290", "value_resource_id": 2290, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2290", "display_title": "GP 244 Lokrume kyrka", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/8bfebd3965015e2868ab4f17511bb2f16da86821.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0244.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2052", "value_resource_id": 2052, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2052", "display_title": "GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/ad15c2e35b95a984bf0f785567b10cfd346dc922.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0005.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:shapeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:3", "property_id": 305, "property_label": "Lindqvist Shape", "is_public": true, "@value": "Tall stone" } ], "ai2:typeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:2", "property_id": 303, "property_label": "Lindqvist Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "C/D (ca. 700-1000)" } ], "ai2:runicInscriptionYesNo": [ { "type": "customvocab:5", "property_id": 317, "property_label": "Runic Inscription or not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:references": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 288, "property_label": "References", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist 1962, pp. 19–20, fig. 10; Lamm/Nylén 2003, p. 55; Rundkvist 2012, pp. 151–152; Oehrl 2019a, pp. 256–264, pls. 307a–314b, 315d. " } ], "ai2:fornsokID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 310, "property_label": "Fornsök ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "L1977:3509 " } ], "ai2:raaID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 307, "property_label": "RAÄ ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "Boge 9:2" } ], "ai2:gotlandsmuseumID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 312, "property_label": "Gotlands Museum ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "C10188:14" } ], "ai2:model3D": [ { "type": "resource:item", "property_id": 344, "property_label": "3D model", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/4568", "value_resource_id": 4568, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/4568", "display_title": "3D model for GP0034", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/application/asset/thumbnails/default.png", "thumbnail_title": "GP0034_RGB.nxz", "thumbnail_type": "application/octet-stream" } ], "ai2:jpID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 308, "property_label": "Jan Peder Lamm ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "25" } ], "ai2:limestoneType": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 325, "property_label": "Limestone Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "fine reef debris limestone" } ], "ai2:geologicalGroup": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 326, "property_label": "Geological Group", "is_public": true, "@value": "Slite Group (100%)" } ], "ai2:summarySwedish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@value": "Fyndplats \nFragmentet hittades 1956 på det vikingatida gravfältet i Laxarve, Boge socken. Stenen var återanvänd som en del av en gravanläggning, en kvinnograv som daterats till tidigt 1000-tal. Möjligen fanns det några fler små bildstensfragment i graven, men det kan numera inte påvisas. \n\nNuvarande förvaringsplats \nGotlands Museum, Magasin Visborg. \n\nBeskrivning \nFragmentet har troligen tillhört den nedre delen av en svampformad bildsten. Det nästan trekantiga fragmentet är max 0.52 m högt och max 0.54 m brett. Det finns brottkanter runt om hela fragmentet, den ursprungliga randkonturen är inte bevarad. \n\nPlanreliefen på den här stenen är jämförelsevis tydlig och välbevarad. Man kan se rester av ett typiskt stort skepp med rutigt segel. Två skäggiga krigare med svärd och sköld sitter ombord och en kvinna i klänning svävar ovanför däcket utan att beröra skeppet. I skeppets bog befinner sig antagligen en lyra, ett tidigmedeltida stränginstrument som är välkänt från arkeologiska fynd, särskilt från alemanniska, frankiska och anglosaxiska fyndplatser i Tyskland och England. Fragment av sådana musikinstrument har även hittats i det vikingatida Norden, till exempel i Birka, Hedeby och även på Gotland – Broa i Halla socken och Gerete i Fardhem socken. Ytterligare en lyra finns framställd på bildstenen GP 248 Lärbro Källstäde. \n\nDatering \n700-talet eller mellan omkring år 800 och 900-talet e.Kr. (vikingatid). \n\nTolkning \nEftersom kvinnan verkar sväva ovanför skeppet kan hon tolkas som en övernaturlig varelse. Kanske representerar hon en valkyria eller en gudinna som leder skeppets besättning till dödsriket eller stödjer och bistår dem i slaget. En liknande funktion har den svävande behornade mansfiguren på stenen GP 339 Rute St. Valle 2, som kan tolkas som guden Oden. \n\nSO" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2294", "value_resource_id": 2294, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2294", "display_title": "GP 248 Lärbro Källstäde", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/9245c42641d553334544ddbfa82aa6106e8fab2e.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0248.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2384", "value_resource_id": 2384, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2384", "display_title": "GP 339 Rute St. Valle 2", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/f2f482480f543f7cf6b285590bbf8cb7c420d43e.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0339.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:iconography": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "mast" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "ship" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "human figure" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "sail" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "sword" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "dress" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "hair" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "headgear" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "valkyrie" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "warrior" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "lyre" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "woman" } ], "ai2:findLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 289, "property_label": "Coordinate Find Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6402015" } ], "ai2:findLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 290, "property_label": "Coordinate Find Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "723393" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 295, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6390259" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 296, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "695514" } ], "@reverse": { "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2079", "o:title": "GP 32 Boge kyrka" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2294", "o:title": "GP 248 Lärbro Källstäde" } ], "ai2:modelVisualizes": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/4568", "o:title": "3D model for GP0034" } ] }, "o-module-mapping:marker": [ { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/mapping_markers/58", "@type": "o-module-mapping:Marker", "o:id": 58, "o:item": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2081", "o:id": 2081 }, "o:media": null, "o-module-mapping:lat": 57.70468375876496, "o-module-mapping:lng": 18.74966439747834, "o-module-mapping:label": null } ] }, { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2391", "@type": [ "o:Item", "dctype:PhysicalObject" ], "o:id": 2391, "o:is_public": true, "o:owner": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/users/1", "o:id": 1 }, "o:resource_class": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_classes/32", "o:id": 32 }, "o:resource_template": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_templates/2", "o:id": 2 }, "o:thumbnail": null, "o:title": "GP 346 Sanda Sandegårda II", "thumbnail_display_urls": { "large": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/large/3e4f075f5c709f4e3e4ffc26276adbead35fce53.jpg", "medium": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/medium/3e4f075f5c709f4e3e4ffc26276adbead35fce53.jpg", "square": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/3e4f075f5c709f4e3e4ffc26276adbead35fce53.jpg" }, "o:created": { "@value": "2023-03-07T10:42:16+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:modified": { "@value": "2025-08-26T11:00:45+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:primary_media": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/3963", "o:id": 3963 }, "o:media": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/3963", "o:id": 3963 }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/3201", "o:id": 3201 }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/3202", "o:id": 3202 } ], "o:item_set": [], "o:site": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/sites/2", "o:id": 2 } ], "dcterms:title": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 1, "property_label": "Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP 346 Sanda Sandegårda II" } ], "dcterms:identifier": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 10, "property_label": "Identifier", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP0346" } ], "ai2:urlLinks": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 316, "property_label": "Links", "is_public": true, "@id": "https://app.raa.se/open/arkivsok/results?arkiv_samling=Sune%20Lindqvist%20-%20Prim%C3%A4rmaterial%20Gotlands%20Bildsteine&searchtype=filter&page=0&pagesize=25", "o:label": "ATA" } ], "ai2:findLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 280, "property_label": "Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "(Lilla) Sandegårda (today Sandgårde) in Sanda parish, probably from the local Late Iron Age burial ground. " } ], "ai2:findLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:7", "property_id": 318, "property_label": "Find Context Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Grave-field" } ], "ai2:findLocationParish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 293, "property_label": "Parish Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Sanda" } ], "ai2:findingPlaceName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 292, "property_label": "Finding Place Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Sanda Sandegårda" } ], "ai2:grave": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 306, "property_label": "Grave or Not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:presentLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:6", "property_id": 332, "property_label": "Present Location Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Gotlands Museum Fornsalen" } ], "ai2:presentLocationName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 314, "property_label": "Present Location Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Bildstenshallen" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist (1941/42 II, p. 110) only notes that the picture stone no. II was delivered to Gotlands Fornsal in 1929. Regarding stone no. I, he mentions that it was found by the farmer W. Pettersson in Lilla Sandegårda, without giving a date (ibid.). \n\nAccording to a letter dated 1930-01-03 which is kept in ATA, both GP 340 Sanda Sandegårda I and Sanda Sandegårda II were found in a grave field. No. II is said to have been discovered in 1929 by farmer Harald Hansson lying close to the surface in the burial ground. This is probably the burial ground registered by RAÄ as Sanda 36:1 (larger part of the cemetery south of the road) and 175:1 (smaller part north of the road). Finds have been brought in from here since the middle of the 19th century. In 1936, the cemetery was mapped by G. A. Hellmann, and about 575 burials were identified. Some graves located in the north-eastern edge were investigated by Hellman in 1937. The find material, including several coins, comprises mainly Vendel and Viking Age objects (Thunmark-Nylén 1995–2006 IV:2, pp. 615–618, stone no. II is mentioned on p. 616 but without any further information). " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2385", "value_resource_id": 2385, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2385", "display_title": "GP 340 Sanda Sandegårda I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/5fbacd99c3919284cf35f545a981332bbed772f9.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0340.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:measurementsMaterialAndCondition": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 283, "property_label": "Measurements, Material and Condition", "is_public": true, "@value": "“Limestone slab, 8–12 cm thick. The obverse is naturally even, curved, and features several deep depressions. The narrow sides, which severely have suffered from weathering just as the other sides, probably were chamfered towards the back. The reverse is raw. The stone’s height is 107 cm, of which 63.5 cm are accounted for by the part above the lower edge of the decoration. The width of the head is 35 cm, that of the neck 32 cm, and that of the base 45 cm” (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 110). The entire mushroom-shaped monument is preserved, including its large root. The surface is weathered and the carvings hard to discern. " } ], "ai2:dimensionsHeight": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 298, "property_label": "Height", "is_public": true, "@value": "106" } ], "ai2:dimensionsWidth": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 299, "property_label": "Width", "is_public": true, "@value": "49" } ], "ai2:dimensionsThickness": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 300, "property_label": "Thickness", "is_public": true, "@value": "12" } ], "ai2:material": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 301, "property_label": "Material", "is_public": true, "@value": "Limestone" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@value": "In the older photographs of the unpainted stone kept in ATA (run- och bildstenssamling, 1718:60 and dnr. 4903-29) and published in Lindqvist’s book (1941/42 I, fig. 119), the pictorial representations are almost not visible at all. Lindqvist’s description corresponds to his picture of the painted stone from 1933 (ibid. figs. 106, 118): “The decoration was sketched out in lines and largely executed by the chiseling of the background fields. Apart from the base, the field is surrounded by an s-spun cord that forms a border without actually being a frame. A 2.5–3 cm wide band divides the field into two parts. The upper panel shows at its very top a motif reminiscent of a swastika, and below it, there are two figures facing each other – probably men – in different costumes. They appear to be shaking hands. In the lower panel, an indistinct figure can be seen at the top, and below, three men are shown of whom the two on the right are dressed in the same manner as the two persons in the upper panel – they, too, seem to be shaking hands. The man on the left holds up his hand in their direction. Even today, the festive meaning of these images without words seems clear to every observer.” (ibid. II, p. 110). \n\nConcerning the men’s costume, at least two of them seem to wear harem trousers (Toplak 2011, pp. 61–65) while the others are dressed in long robes that reach down to the ankles. From the outstretched arms of all men, long tips hang down that reach almost to the ground and look like hanging sleeves. Men with long robes or harem trousers and hanging tips of the type described occur frequently on Type C/D picture stones, for example on GP 244 Lokrume kyrka, GP 258 Lärbro Tängelgårda I, GP 252 Lärbro Tängelgårda IV, GP 532 Träkumla kyrka I, GP 280 När Smiss i, GP 397 Stenkyrka Smiss I. There is little justification for regarding such figures with long robes and hanging tips as women (Lindqvist 1941/1942 II, p. 96; 1964, p. 68) or androgynous figures (Göransson 1999, pp. 67–68; cf. Helmbrecht 2011, p. 239; 2012, p. 88), as they often have male characteristics (beard), and ceremonial long robes may well have been worn by men. In Old Norse, the term slœður or slœðor (fem. pl.) denotes a trailing dress or, as in the case of Egill Skalla-Grímsson, the long trailing garment of a man (Egils saga ch. 67 – Sigurður Nordal 1933, p. 213). Toplak (2011, p. 48; cf. Ewing 2007, p. 171) associates the ankle-length garments, gathered at the hip, as depicted on GP 258 Lärbro Tängelgårda I, with the Old Norse term kyrtill. \n\nHowever, there is disagreement about the meaning of the hanging tip. It is not very likely that these represent long hanging sleeves (as suggested by Holmqvist 1976, p. 564; Ewing 2007, pp. 91, 93, 115, 119; Toplak 2011, pp. 40, 48), as there is no archaeological evidence for those from the Viking Age and they are unlikely to have appeared before the courtly culture of the High Middle Ages. It is more probable to assume a cloak-tip hanging down from the outstretched arm (Lindqvist 1941/42 I, p. 77; Oehrl 2019a, p. 177). Such hanging tips of a cloak in connection with an ankle-length garment are frequently depicted in Carolingian and Ottonian art, such as in the depiction of King David in the Montpellier Psalter (Bibl. Montpellier Ms. 409; also called the Tassilopsalter – Dannheimer/Dopsch 1988, p. 351, fig. 240) or the coronation image of the Regensburg Sacramentary (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München Clm 4456, fol. 11r – Weinfurter et al. 2002, pp. 17–20, 269–270, fig. 2), to name two relevant examples. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2290", "value_resource_id": 2290, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2290", "display_title": "GP 244 Lokrume kyrka", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/8bfebd3965015e2868ab4f17511bb2f16da86821.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0244.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2304", "value_resource_id": 2304, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2304", "display_title": "GP0258", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/77873047d434a760273ee33746e1e5a43285e370.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0258.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2298", "value_resource_id": 2298, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2298", "display_title": "GP0252", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/8756c6dd0cc322865c80f13b95ab28be95fe5ebd.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0252.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2576", "value_resource_id": 2576, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2576", "display_title": "GP 532 Träkumla kyrka 1", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/6f94bdae6ccf3ee55275413bd7005a63b71563ce.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0532.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2326", "value_resource_id": 2326, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2326", "display_title": "GP 280 När Smiss I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/2a1dc7da59386303aa351e00c9aa65be30cacc36.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0280.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2442", "value_resource_id": 2442, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2442", "display_title": "GP0397", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/798a73062f0eba6b00029bc4865ce36e1df5e242.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0397.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:interpretations": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@value": "It remains unclear whether the men are merely raising and shaking hands, in the sense of a ceremonial greeting or perhaps an act of oath taking, or whether they are perhaps holding drinking vessels in their hands with which they toast each other (Oehrl 2019a, pp. 62, 169 fn. 1508). Depictions of ceremonial drinking, which also seems to include a kind of oath taking, can be seen on GP 252 Lärbro Tängelgårda IV and GP 532 Träkumla kyrka I, with the drinkers wearing the same ceremonial costumes with long robes and hanging cloaks that also characterise the men of Sandegårda II. Depictions of otherworldly drinking parties in Oðinn’s Valhǫll have also been considered, against the background of the importance of eschatological ideas in the iconography of the Gotlandic picture stones. For more details concerning these interpretations, see the relevant articles (and Oehrl 2019a, pp. 169–180). Alternatively, a duel could be depicted, similar to the image of När Smiss I, or a ritual clashing of weapons, as has been suggested for the swordsmen on GP 258 Lärbro Tängelgårda I and GP 252 Lärbro Tängelgårda IV (Schwab 1994, p. 508, fn. 63), although no weapons are clearly visible on the Sandegårda Stone. Besides the Smiss stone, duels are also depicted on GP 209 Klinte Hunninge I and GP 3 Alskog kyrka. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2298", "value_resource_id": 2298, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2298", "display_title": "GP0252", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/8756c6dd0cc322865c80f13b95ab28be95fe5ebd.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0252.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2576", "value_resource_id": 2576, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2576", "display_title": "GP 532 Träkumla kyrka 1", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/6f94bdae6ccf3ee55275413bd7005a63b71563ce.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0532.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2326", "value_resource_id": 2326, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2326", "display_title": "GP 280 När Smiss I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/2a1dc7da59386303aa351e00c9aa65be30cacc36.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0280.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2304", "value_resource_id": 2304, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2304", "display_title": "GP0258", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/77873047d434a760273ee33746e1e5a43285e370.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0258.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2255", "value_resource_id": 2255, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2255", "display_title": "GP0209", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/0e23943917d457212ccf0fc888de9f993ebb9778.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0209.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2050", "value_resource_id": 2050, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2050", "display_title": "GP 3 Alskog kyrka", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/50a7bab11df828a06ad8a95ac40128b793f64c22.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0003.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@value": "Mushroom-shaped late-type ʻdwarf stoneʼ, belonging to ʻAbschnittʼ C according to Lindqvist (1941/42 I, p. 44), who dates those stones to the time around AD 700. Current research, however, tends to date the Type C/D monuments roughly to between the 8th century (or rather around AD 800) and the 10th century. According to Martin Rundkvist’s (2012, p. 160) typology, the stone’s shape represents Type dwarf4, which occurs in his period 4, i.e., Late Vendel Period. The best parallels concerning iconography are among the large stones that Lindqvist ascribes to his Lärbro group (see VI and VII). " } ], "ai2:shapeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:3", "property_id": 305, "property_label": "Lindqvist Shape", "is_public": true, "@value": "Dwarf stone" } ], "ai2:typeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:2", "property_id": 303, "property_label": "Lindqvist Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "C/D (ca. 700-1000)" } ], "ai2:runicInscriptionYesNo": [ { "type": "customvocab:5", "property_id": 317, "property_label": "Runic Inscription or not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:references": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 288, "property_label": "References", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lindqvist 1941/42 I, pp. 42, 48, 94, 117, 121, figs. 106, 118–119; II, p. 110; Schwab 1994, p. 508, fn. 63; Thunmark-Nylén 1995–2006 IV:2, p. 616; Toplak 2011, pp. 40, 48; Oehrl 2019a, pp. 62, 169 fn. 1508, 177, 289, fig. 28b. " } ], "ai2:slID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 328, "property_label": "Lindqvist Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "Sanda, Sandegårda II" } ], "ai2:gotlandsmuseumID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 312, "property_label": "Gotlands Museum ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "GFC6990" } ], "ai2:model3D": [ { "type": "resource:item", "property_id": 344, "property_label": "3D model", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/4877", "value_resource_id": 4877, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/4877", "display_title": "3D model for GP0346", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/application/asset/thumbnails/default.png", "thumbnail_title": "GP0346_RGB.nxz", "thumbnail_type": "application/octet-stream" } ], "ai2:jpID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 308, "property_label": "Jan Peder Lamm ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "217" } ], "ai2:summarySwedish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@value": "Fyndplats \nBildsten påträffades 1929 liggande på gravfältet vid gården. Stenen överlämnades samma år till Gotlands museum. \n\nNuvarande lokalisering \nUtställd i Bildstenshallen på Gotlands museum. \n\nBeskrivning \nSen dvärgsten (period C/D), 107 cm hög och som bredast 63,5 cm. Spår av en fläta som delar stenen i två bildfält. I det övre bildfältet en svastika och därunder två motställda män, som verkar skaka hand. I det nedre bildfältet en oklar människofigur överst och under denna tre män, varav två skakar hand och en håller upp sin hand mot de två andra. \n\nInskrift \nIngen inskrift \n\nDatering \nKan inte dateras med säkerhet, men tillhör perioden cirka 700-900-talen. \n\nTolkning \nIngen klar tolkning. \n\nAA " } ], "ai2:iconography": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "swastika" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "human figure" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "man" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "hand" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "trousers" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "cloak" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "woman" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "cup" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 295, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6393355" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 296, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "696536" } ], "@reverse": { "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2385", "o:title": "GP 340 Sanda Sandegårda I" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2386", "o:title": "GP 341 Sanda kyrka I" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2576", "o:title": "GP 532 Träkumla kyrka 1" } ], "ai2:modelVisualizes": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/4877", "o:title": "3D model for GP0346" } ] } }, { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2415", "@type": [ "o:Item", "dctype:PhysicalObject" ], "o:id": 2415, "o:is_public": true, "o:owner": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/users/1", "o:id": 1 }, "o:resource_class": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_classes/32", "o:id": 32 }, "o:resource_template": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_templates/2", "o:id": 2 }, "o:thumbnail": null, "o:title": "GP 370 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VII", "thumbnail_display_urls": { "large": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/large/5cc98d089a5b298a486b86dc8288602f6b39969b.jpg", "medium": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/medium/5cc98d089a5b298a486b86dc8288602f6b39969b.jpg", "square": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/5cc98d089a5b298a486b86dc8288602f6b39969b.jpg" }, "o:created": { "@value": "2023-03-07T10:42:16+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:modified": { "@value": "2025-04-17T09:02:09+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:primary_media": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/3974", "o:id": 3974 }, "o:media": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/3974", "o:id": 3974 } ], "o:item_set": [], "o:site": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/sites/2", "o:id": 2 } ], "dcterms:title": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 1, "property_label": "Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP 370 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VII" } ], "dcterms:identifier": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 10, "property_label": "Identifier", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP0370" } ], "ai2:urlLinks": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 316, "property_label": "Links", "is_public": true, "@id": "https://app.raa.se/open/arkivsok/results?arkiv_samling=Sune%20Lindqvist%20-%20Prim%C3%A4rmaterial%20Gotlands%20Bildsteine&searchtype=filter&page=0&pagesize=25", "o:label": "ATA" } ], "ai2:findLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 280, "property_label": "Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "The Lilla Bjärs necropolis in Stenkyrka parish, next to a stone mound. " } ], "ai2:findLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:7", "property_id": 318, "property_label": "Find Context Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Grave-field" } ], "ai2:findLocationParish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 293, "property_label": "Parish Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Stenkyrka" } ], "ai2:findingPlaceName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 292, "property_label": "Finding Place Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Stenkyrka Lillbjärs" } ], "ai2:findLocationContext": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 291, "property_label": "Find Context", "is_public": true, "@value": "Hittades vid undersökning av grav 2 på gravfältet Lillbjärs. Tätt utanför östra kanten av stensättningen. Framsidan upp, huvudet åt söder." } ], "ai2:grave": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 306, "property_label": "Grave or Not", "is_public": true, "@value": "Yes?" } ], "ai2:presentLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:6", "property_id": 332, "property_label": "Present Location Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "SHM Storage" } ], "ai2:presentLocationName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 314, "property_label": "Present Location Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "SHM" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@value": "The cemetery of Lillbjärs (or Lilla Bjärs, sometimes just Bjärs, also as Bjers), in Stenkyrka parish is one of the largest and most important grave fields on Gotland (RAÄ Stenkyrka 26:1; Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 118; Thunmark-Nylén 1995–2006 III:2, p. 627). It includes more than 1000 visible stone settings (rösen and other circular or almost circular stone mounds), as well as a ship-shaped stone setting from the Bronze Age (5 x 2.25 m) and a monumental (17 m in diameter) grave mound called ʻÄuglehaugʼ (or ʻUgglehaugʼ), which probably dates to the Migration Period. An old path of about 550 m leads through the entire area in an east west direction. Many of the graves were robbed, only a small number have been excavated, including about a dozen dating to the Viking Period. Remarkable features of the stone mounds are a surrounding dry-stone wall consisting of several layers of limestone slabs, as well as the frequent occurrence of grave orbs (gravklot), erected stone slabs, and picture stones in the immediate context of the (Vendel or Viking Period) graves (ibid. pp. 582–583). Lindqvist published 19 picture stones from this grave field – GP 369–373, 377–381, 388–396, 429–431, 440 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I–XIX. \n\n“In November 1908, O. V. Wennersten reported in a letter to the National Antiquarian that a local, Emil Svensson in Tune, had discovered three picture stones on the ground belonging to Lillbjärs and taken custody of them. […] On this occasion, the antiquarian Emil Eckhoff visited the find place in the following summer and sent to SHM the stones [Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I–VI] as well as three fragments of another slab, which, however, did not clearly represent a picture stone. He also collected numerous grave orbs […]. In 1911, [Fredrik Nordin] visited the site and was given more information by Svensson about the find place and the circumstances of the discovery of the stones […]. When [Fredrik Nordin] returned in 1913 to conduct excavations, Svensson in the meantime had moved away, and unfortunately, it turned out to be impossible to locate all the find places described by him” (ibid.). Nordin excavated a number of stone settings in 1913 as well as in the following summer and discovered eight more picture stones in situ (Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VII–XIV). Between 1910 and 1912, three more picture stones were reported to Gotlands Museum by Svensson and moved to Visby where they are still kept today (Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XV–XVIII). Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIX was found later, in 1927. \n\nMost of the picture stones from Stenkyrka church presumably came from the Lillbjärs cemetery as well. Nevertheless, the stock of picture stones from this site can by no means have been recorded completely, and there is good reason to believe that this grave field in the future will provide even more discoveries (cf. Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 118). \n\nThe stones VII–IX were discovered by Fredrik Nordin during investigations conducted in 1913 and delivered to Statens Historiska Museum in 1914 (Fornvännen 1915, p. 30; Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 118). The picture stone Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VII was found next to grave no. 2 (ibid. fig. 508). “It lay just outside of the east edge of the carefully built wall of the stone mound [35 cm beneath the ground] and was covered with stones and gravel. The obverse was facing up, and the head pointed south” (ibid. 124). The grave mound (Thunmark-Nylén 1995–2006 IV:2, p. 660) was about 4 m in diameter and featured a kerb, a surrounding wall consisting of 10–12 layers of limestone slabs. An incomplete 20 x 60 m stone cist was incorporated into the southern part of the mound’s wall; it contained burned human bones and Viking Age objects such as two animal head brooches, fish-head pendants, other kinds of pendants, beads, and knives (ibid.) (SHM 15227:2b). A third animal head brooch was found close to the picture stone in the gravel (SHM 15227:2d). Just at the south edge of the mound, an erected limestone slab was located. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2414", "value_resource_id": 2414, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2414", "display_title": "GP 369 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs IV", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/e8bb4a0b30fc67b023b69ec340952740f594f7b7.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0369.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2416", "value_resource_id": 2416, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2416", "display_title": "GP 371 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs IX", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1662107adcd2249b6e6889b9baf1f182e60fa2be.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0371.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2417", "value_resource_id": 2417, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2417", "display_title": "GP 372 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/5bc6a141313b106e26f31e136a264c6f054bf9dc.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0372.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2418", "value_resource_id": 2418, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2418", "display_title": "GP 373 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIX", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/67835ae2cda1e85288f0e1c514101e040ccbf050.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0373.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2422", "value_resource_id": 2422, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2422", "display_title": "GP 377 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIa", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/109ddffce2d2033946a22eac345caa7c391d82ea.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0377.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2423", "value_resource_id": 2423, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2423", "display_title": "GP 378 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIb", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/68e3362a2f23ee6f4e87a0658b489412e407aba9.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0378.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2424", "value_resource_id": 2424, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2424", "display_title": "GP 379 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIc", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/6a8f165cdddfe79e0cbc1bdb529d31f184764583.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0379.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2425", "value_resource_id": 2425, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2425", "display_title": "GP 380 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VId" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2426", "value_resource_id": 2426, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2426", "display_title": "GP 381 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIe" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2433", "value_resource_id": 2433, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2433", "display_title": "GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/20ebf4feb6626832693622e94b44103744d0d211.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0388.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2434", "value_resource_id": 2434, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2434", "display_title": "GP 389 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs II", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/694b9f0ade9f60ba16bc50fe7933244ad7b963f7.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0389.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2435", "value_resource_id": 2435, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2435", "display_title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1a0f811d100f91402796fd53985ba29b1d786c49.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0390.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2436", "value_resource_id": 2436, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2436", "display_title": "GP 391 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs V", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/990c82a844982cfa9e85400ff4e50aa7cf3bbffe.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0391.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2437", "value_resource_id": 2437, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2437", "display_title": "GP 392 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/2dd329ae970f4f32dd0172bbd3b7b56ff4f4eecc.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0392.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2438", "value_resource_id": 2438, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2438", "display_title": "GP 393 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIV" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2439", "value_resource_id": 2439, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2439", "display_title": "GP 394 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XV", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/646ac1025575e1f16239d033733cac66deedfccb.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0394.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2440", "value_resource_id": 2440, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2440", "display_title": "GP 395 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/cd3f96e2ea23815426e513d78c1073421cb88b76.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0395.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2441", "value_resource_id": 2441, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2441", "display_title": "GP 396 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/b12df5764883ff37f2ed5bf223c333202cdf297a.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0396.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2474", "value_resource_id": 2474, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2474", "display_title": "GP 429 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVI", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/e06c3ab493f0765c1f61d9d597bdc1435627dc6d.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0429.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2475", "value_resource_id": 2475, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2475", "display_title": "GP 430 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XI", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/ca143822ce548dfc7e46a97d7e0dfcdfceeb8394.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0430O.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2476", "value_resource_id": 2476, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2476", "display_title": "GP 431 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/bf9ee8013a52e35e0001b4315f03013a23484688.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0431.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2485", "value_resource_id": 2485, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2485", "display_title": "GP 440 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs X", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1cb2cc3c6d9e4be596d356acef7289788e6a1211.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0440.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:measurementsMaterialAndCondition": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 283, "property_label": "Measurements, Material and Condition", "is_public": true, "@value": "“Limestone slab, up to 10 cm thick. The obverse has little humps and certainly is not hewn. The narrow sides are rounded towards the back. The reverse is rough and unworked. The stone’s total height is 100 cm, of which about 75 are accounted for by the part above the root. The head is 37 cm wide, the neck 30 cm, and the base 49 cm” (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 124). The mushroom-shaped monument is completely preserved, including the root. A diagonal crack runs through the surface, dividing it into an upper and a lower half. The stone is much weathered and eroded. " } ], "ai2:dimensionsHeight": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 298, "property_label": "Height", "is_public": true, "@value": "100" } ], "ai2:dimensionsWidth": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 299, "property_label": "Width", "is_public": true, "@value": "49" } ], "ai2:dimensionsThickness": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 300, "property_label": "Thickness", "is_public": true, "@value": "10" } ], "ai2:material": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 301, "property_label": "Material", "is_public": true, "@value": "Limestone" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@value": "The stone is not painted, Lindqvist only reproduces a photo of the unpainted monument and a drawing made by Olof Sörling (1941/42 II, figs. 515, 517). The photo, which was taken by H. Faith-Ell in 1933, does not reveal many remains of carvings; only the inner frame of the border decoration can partly be discerned (cf. ATA 1718:29). A photo from 1925, on which even fewer details are visible, is kept in ATA as well (594:37b). Sörling’s drawing, however, depicts a female figure in the stone’s head panel, with raised hand, as if holding a drinking vessel. Lindqvist (ibid. p. 125) describes the carvings as follows: “The stone is decorated with carved lines and faintly chiseled background fields. Inside of the 8–9 cm wide border, which appeared to have contained a ribbon pattern, are two panels that are separated from each other by a horizontal bar some considerable distance below the neck. The upper panel contains the image of a human, probably a woman, who, according to OS’s [i.e., Olof Sörling’s] drawing, is walking towards the left, but perhaps ought to be envisaged as walking in the opposite direction instead. In the lower panel, there obviously was the image of a ship with a sail with rhombic pattern.” The depiction of a single human figure in the head panel of a picture stone is a remarkable and unparalleled feature. The sailing ship and the ribbon pattern of the framing border observed by Lindqvist, however, are not depicted by Sörling and hard to verify. " } ], "ai2:interpretations": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@value": "No interpretation" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@value": "Mushroom-shaped late-type ʻdwarf stoneʼ, which means Lindqvist’s ʻAbschnittʼ C/D or perhaps even E. Those stones, with only few remains of decoration are left, can only be roughly dated to the period between the 8th century and about AD 1100. Lindqvist (1941/42 I, p. 44) assigns Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VII to ʻAbschnittʼ C, which he dates to the time around AD 700. According to recent research, however, those monuments must be dated between the 8th and the 10th century. According to Martin Rundkvist’s (2012, p. 160) typology, the stone’s shape represents Type dwarf4, which occurs in his periods 4 (Late Vendel Period), 5 (Early Viking Period), and 6 (Middle Viking Period). The objects found in the stone cist (see IV), which seems to be incorporated into the mound in a later period, can be dated to the 10th century. Animal-head brooches of the type found close to the picture stone (Type 5a) can be dated to the 10th and 11th centuries (Periods VIII:2–3). " } ], "ai2:shapeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:3", "property_id": 305, "property_label": "Lindqvist Shape", "is_public": true, "@value": "Dwarf stone" } ], "ai2:typeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:2", "property_id": 303, "property_label": "Lindqvist Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "C/D (ca. 700-1000)" }, { "type": "customvocab:2", "property_id": 303, "property_label": "Lindqvist Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "E (ca. 1000-1150)" } ], "ai2:runicInscriptionYesNo": [ { "type": "customvocab:5", "property_id": 317, "property_label": "Runic Inscription or not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:references": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 288, "property_label": "References", "is_public": true, "@value": "Fornvännen 1915, p. 30; Lindqvist 1941/42 II, pp. 118, 124–125, figs. 508, 515, 517; Thunmark-Nylén 1995–2006 IV:2, p. 660; Helmbrecht 2011, p. 485 cat. no. 835. " } ], "ai2:slID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 328, "property_label": "Lindqvist Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "Stenkyrka, Lillbjärs VII" } ], "ai2:model3D": [ { "type": "resource:item", "property_id": 344, "property_label": "3D model", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/4901", "value_resource_id": 4901, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/4901", "display_title": "3D model for GP0370", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/application/asset/thumbnails/default.png", "thumbnail_title": "GP0370_RGB.nxz", "thumbnail_type": "application/octet-stream" } ], "ai2:jpID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 308, "property_label": "Jan Peder Lamm ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "282" } ], "ai2:shmID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 311, "property_label": "Statens Historiska Museer ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "15227" } ], "ai2:summarySwedish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@value": "Fyndplats \nBildstenen påträffades 1913 vid ett gravröse, vid grävningar på gravfältet Lillbjärs. Överlämnades till Statens Historiska Museum 1914. \n\nNuvarande lokalisering \nStatens Historiska Museum, magasinet i Tumba \n\nBeskrivning \nSvampformig ”dvärgsten” (period CD), 100 cm hög och som bredast 49 cm. Bildstenen består av två bildfält, i det övre en stående människa, kanske en kvinna, i det nedre fältet svaga spår av ett skepp med segel. \n\nDatering \nKan inte dateras med säkerhet, men tillhör perioden 700-900-talen. \n\nTolkning \nIngen tolkning \n\nAA " } ], "ai2:iconography": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "ship" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "sail" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "woman" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "dress" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "long hair" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "arm" } ], "ai2:findLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 289, "property_label": "Coordinate Find Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6410855" } ], "ai2:findLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 290, "property_label": "Coordinate Find Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "710614" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 295, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6581391" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 296, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "675775" } ], "@reverse": { "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2414", "o:title": "GP 369 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs IV" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2416", "o:title": "GP 371 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs IX" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2417", "o:title": "GP 372 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIII" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2418", "o:title": "GP 373 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIX" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2422", "o:title": "GP 377 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIa" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2423", "o:title": "GP 378 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIb" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2424", "o:title": "GP 379 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIc" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2425", "o:title": "GP 380 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VId" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2426", "o:title": "GP 381 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIe" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2433", "o:title": "GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2434", "o:title": "GP 389 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs II" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2435", "o:title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2436", "o:title": "GP 391 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs V" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2437", "o:title": "GP 392 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIII" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2438", "o:title": "GP 393 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIV" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2439", "o:title": "GP 394 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XV" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2440", "o:title": "GP 395 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVII" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2441", "o:title": "GP 396 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVIII" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2474", "o:title": "GP 429 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVI" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2475", "o:title": "GP 430 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XI" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2476", "o:title": "GP 431 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XII" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2485", "o:title": "GP 440 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs X" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2200", "o:title": "GP 154 Halla Broa 21" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2434", "o:title": "GP 389 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs II" } ], "ai2:modelVisualizes": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/4901", "o:title": "3D model for GP0370" } ] }, "o-module-mapping:marker": [ { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/mapping_markers/249", "@type": "o-module-mapping:Marker", "o:id": 249, "o:item": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2415", "o:id": 2415 }, "o:media": null, "o-module-mapping:lat": 57.790101605741064, "o-module-mapping:lng": 18.543403860250464, "o-module-mapping:label": null } ] }, { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2435", "@type": [ "o:Item", "dctype:PhysicalObject" ], "o:id": 2435, "o:is_public": true, "o:owner": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/users/1", "o:id": 1 }, "o:resource_class": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_classes/32", "o:id": 32 }, "o:resource_template": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_templates/2", "o:id": 2 }, "o:thumbnail": null, "o:title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III", "thumbnail_display_urls": { "large": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/large/1a0f811d100f91402796fd53985ba29b1d786c49.jpg", "medium": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/medium/1a0f811d100f91402796fd53985ba29b1d786c49.jpg", "square": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1a0f811d100f91402796fd53985ba29b1d786c49.jpg" }, "o:created": { "@value": "2023-03-07T10:42:17+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:modified": { "@value": "2025-04-30T11:54:17+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:primary_media": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4365", "o:id": 4365 }, "o:media": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4365", "o:id": 4365 } ], "o:item_set": [], "o:site": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/sites/2", "o:id": 2 } ], "dcterms:title": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 1, "property_label": "Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III" } ], "dcterms:identifier": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 10, "property_label": "Identifier", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP0390" } ], "ai2:urlLinks": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 316, "property_label": "Links", "is_public": true, "@id": "https://app.raa.se/open/arkivsok/results?arkiv_samling=Sune%20Lindqvist%20-%20Prim%C3%A4rmaterial%20Gotlands%20Bildsteine&searchtype=filter&page=0&pagesize=25", "o:label": "ATA" }, { "type": "uri", "property_id": 316, "property_label": "Links", "is_public": true, "@id": "https://app.raa.se/open/runor/inscription?id=b2539210-ce12-4cdf-8e5a-ffbab68ce6ff", "o:label": "Runor" } ], "ai2:findLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 280, "property_label": "Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "The Lilla Bjärs cemetery in Stenkyrka parish, next to a stone mound. " } ], "ai2:findLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:7", "property_id": 318, "property_label": "Find Context Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Grave-field" } ], "ai2:findLocationParish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 293, "property_label": "Parish Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Stenkyrka" } ], "ai2:findingPlaceName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 292, "property_label": "Finding Place Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Stenkyrka Lillbjärs" } ], "ai2:presentLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:6", "property_id": 332, "property_label": "Present Location Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Historiska Museet" } ], "ai2:presentLocationName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 314, "property_label": "Present Location Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "SHM" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@value": "The cemetery of Lillbjärs (or Lilla Bjärs, sometimes just Bjärs, also as Bjers), in Stenkyrka parish is one of the largest and most important grave fields on Gotland (RAÄ Stenkyrka 26:1; Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 118; Thunmark-Nylén 1995–2006 III:2, p. 627). It includes more than 1000 visible stone settings (rösen and other circular or almost circular stone mounds), as well as a ship-shaped stone setting from the Bronze Age (5 x 2.25 m), and a monumental (17 m in diameter) grave mound called ʻÄuglehaugʼ (or ʻUgglehaugʼ), which probably dates to the Migration Period. An old path of about 550 m leads through the entire area in an east-west direction. Many of the graves were robbed, and only a small number have been excavated, including about a dozen dating to the Viking Period. Remarkable features of the stone mounds are a surrounding dry-stone wall consisting of several layers of limestone slabs, as well as the frequent occurrence of grave orbs (large spherical stones) (gravklot), erected stone slabs, and picture stones in the immediate context of the (Vendel or Viking Period) graves (ibid. pp. 582–583). Lindqvist published nineteen picture stones from this grave field – GP 369–373, 377–381, 388–396, 429–431, 440 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I–XIX. \n\n“In November 1908, O. V. Wennersten reported in a letter to the National Antiquarian that a local, Emil Svensson in Tune, had discovered three picture stones on the ground belonging to Lillbjärs and taken custody of them. […] On this occasion, the antiquarian Emil Eckhoff visited the find place during the following summer and sent to SHM the stones [Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I–VI] as well as three fragments of another slab, which, however, did not clearly represent a picture stone. He also collected numerous large spherical stones (gravklot) […]. In 1911, [Fredrik Nordin] visited the site and was given more information by Svensson about the find place and the circumstances of the discovery of the stones […]. When [Fredrik Nordin] returned in 1913 to conduct excavations, Svensson in the meantime had moved away, and unfortunately, it turned out to be impossible to locate all the find places described by him” (ibid.). Nordin excavated a number of stone settings in 1913 as well as in the following summer and discovered eight more picture stones in situ (Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VII–XIV). Between 1910 and 1912, three more picture stones were reported to Gotlands Museum by Svensson and moved to Visby where they are still kept today (Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XV–XVIII). Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIX was found later, in 1927. \n\nMost of the picture stones from Stenkyrka church presumably came from the Lillbjärs cemetery as well. Nevertheless, the stock of picture stones from this site can by no means have been recorded completely, and there is good reason to believe that this grave field in the future will provide even more discoveries (cf. Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 118). \n\nThe stones I–VI were discovered by the worker Emil Svensson in 1908 and delivered to Statens Historiska Museum (SHM 13742) by antiquarian Emil Eckhoff in 1909 (Fornvännen 1909, pp. 253–354). The picture stone Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III was found near the road, in the southern part of the cemetery, “close to Söderlund’s farm” (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, pp. 118, 122). It lay at the southern edge of stone mound no. 8, close to the surface (Thunmark-Nylén 1995–2006 IV:2, p. 661; cf. Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 118). Elsewhere, however, Lindqvist notes that the slab lay about 2 m north of a small grave mound (1941/42 II, p. 122). Mound no. 8 (SHM 15227:8) was 2.5–2.8 in diameter and was surrounded by a wall of 4 to 6 layers of limestone slabs. It only contained a knife, charcoal, and bones of sheep. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2414", "value_resource_id": 2414, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2414", "display_title": "GP 369 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs IV", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/e8bb4a0b30fc67b023b69ec340952740f594f7b7.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0369.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2415", "value_resource_id": 2415, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2415", "display_title": "GP 370 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/5cc98d089a5b298a486b86dc8288602f6b39969b.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0370.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2416", "value_resource_id": 2416, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2416", "display_title": "GP 371 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs IX", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1662107adcd2249b6e6889b9baf1f182e60fa2be.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0371.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2417", "value_resource_id": 2417, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2417", "display_title": "GP 372 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/5bc6a141313b106e26f31e136a264c6f054bf9dc.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0372.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2418", "value_resource_id": 2418, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2418", "display_title": "GP 373 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIX", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/67835ae2cda1e85288f0e1c514101e040ccbf050.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0373.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2422", "value_resource_id": 2422, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2422", "display_title": "GP 377 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIa", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/109ddffce2d2033946a22eac345caa7c391d82ea.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0377.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2423", "value_resource_id": 2423, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2423", "display_title": "GP 378 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIb", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/68e3362a2f23ee6f4e87a0658b489412e407aba9.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0378.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2424", "value_resource_id": 2424, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2424", "display_title": "GP 379 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIc", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/6a8f165cdddfe79e0cbc1bdb529d31f184764583.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0379.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2425", "value_resource_id": 2425, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2425", "display_title": "GP 380 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VId" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2426", "value_resource_id": 2426, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2426", "display_title": "GP 381 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIe" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2433", "value_resource_id": 2433, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2433", "display_title": "GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/20ebf4feb6626832693622e94b44103744d0d211.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0388.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2434", "value_resource_id": 2434, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2434", "display_title": "GP 389 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs II", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/694b9f0ade9f60ba16bc50fe7933244ad7b963f7.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0389.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2436", "value_resource_id": 2436, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2436", "display_title": "GP 391 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs V", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/990c82a844982cfa9e85400ff4e50aa7cf3bbffe.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0391.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2437", "value_resource_id": 2437, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2437", "display_title": "GP 392 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/2dd329ae970f4f32dd0172bbd3b7b56ff4f4eecc.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0392.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2438", "value_resource_id": 2438, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2438", "display_title": "GP 393 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIV" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2439", "value_resource_id": 2439, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2439", "display_title": "GP 394 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XV", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/646ac1025575e1f16239d033733cac66deedfccb.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0394.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2440", "value_resource_id": 2440, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2440", "display_title": "GP 395 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/cd3f96e2ea23815426e513d78c1073421cb88b76.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0395.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2441", "value_resource_id": 2441, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2441", "display_title": "GP 396 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/b12df5764883ff37f2ed5bf223c333202cdf297a.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0396.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2474", "value_resource_id": 2474, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2474", "display_title": "GP 429 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVI", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/e06c3ab493f0765c1f61d9d597bdc1435627dc6d.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0429.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2475", "value_resource_id": 2475, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2475", "display_title": "GP 430 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XI", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/ca143822ce548dfc7e46a97d7e0dfcdfceeb8394.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0430O.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2476", "value_resource_id": 2476, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2476", "display_title": "GP 431 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/bf9ee8013a52e35e0001b4315f03013a23484688.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0431.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2485", "value_resource_id": 2485, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2485", "display_title": "GP 440 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs X", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1cb2cc3c6d9e4be596d356acef7289788e6a1211.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0440.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:measurementsMaterialAndCondition": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 283, "property_label": "Measurements, Material and Condition", "is_public": true, "@value": "The slab represents a completely preserved mushroom-shaped picture stone which is in remarkably good condition. “Limestone slab, up to 10 cm thick at the base, up to 7 cm at the head. The obverse is even, the narrow sides are rounded towards the back. The reverse is rough and unworked. The stone’s total height is 86 cm, of which 73.5 cm are above the lower horizontal bar. The head is 40.5 cm wide, the neck 29 cm, and the base 45 cm” (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 122). " } ], "ai2:dimensionsHeight": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 298, "property_label": "Height", "is_public": true, "@value": "86" } ], "ai2:dimensionsWidth": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 299, "property_label": "Width", "is_public": true, "@value": "45" } ], "ai2:dimensionsThickness": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 300, "property_label": "Thickness", "is_public": true, "@value": "10" } ], "ai2:material": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 301, "property_label": "Material", "is_public": true, "@value": "Limestone" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@value": "“The decoration had been sketched out in fine, probably cut lines, whereupon the background field was chiselled about 1 mm deep” (Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 122). Such preliminary sketches can only be observed on those monuments whose surfaces are particularly well preserved (cf. ibid. I, pp. 42–43; repeatedly Hauck, in particular, 1957b; Eshleman 2000; Oehrl 2019a, pp. 67–68 and passim [regarding Hauck’s research see 68–86, 169–172, 286–287, and passim]). Good examples are GP 161 Halla Broa III, GP 162 Halla Broa IV, GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I, and GP 258 Lärbro Tängelgårda I. Lindqvist (1941/42 II, p. 122) notes that “unfortunately, the contour lines were traced in ink by the finder – and in many places incorrectly. The result is clearly visible in several previously published photographs […].” All figures are remarkably detailed. In particular, the drapery of their garments and their faces are carved with fine lines and still well-preserved. \n\nThe stone is framed by a wide border with a complex interlace pattern. A simple horizontal band (with runic inscription, see VIII) divides the head and the neck of the stone from its lower part. The depictions in both image fields are described by Lindqvist 1941/42 II, p. 123: In the head field, there is an equestrian on a walking horse, turning to the right. The horseman wears a pointed helmet, a large shield with whorl pattern, and trousers gathered at the calves. A triple-symbol formed by three triangles is located behind the horseman’s neck. Another triple-symbol, formed by three drinking horns, is located above the horseman’s head. Each drinking horn’s narrow end pierces the broad end of another. Just next to the horse, in the right corner of the head, a woman is depicted, who seems to be standing on the horse’s right, raised foreleg. She faces the horseman and proffers a drinking horn. \n\nThe picture stone’s neck represents an approximately 10 cm high field without any chiselled background fields. The figure here is just carved or even sketched – a man in a knee-length tunic with belt, without clear headgear. He extends one hand and turns towards the right. Behind him there probably were once more figures, which now, however, are no longer identifiable. The lower edge of the neck field is formed by a simple horizontal border, consisting of two parallel lines, which contains the inscription (see VIII). The carved man is standing on the horizontal runic border. \n\nThe body of the stone, i.e., the monument’s lower half, is occupied by a ship with rounded stems with spiral terminals, a rudder on starboard, and a square sail uniformly framed on all four sides. The sail features a slightly inconsistent rhombic pattern formed by double lines. Above the railing emerge the torsos of two men each holding one sheet rope, the end of which forms a loop attached to a rope hanging from the sail’s lower edge. Below the ship’s rudder, a further triple symbol can be seen, representing a triangle with a semi-circular recess on each of its sides. Below the vessel, there are two huge waves breaking towards the right, in the direction of the ship’s movement, with crests stylised as interlace ornament. \n\nThe described depictions are easily discernible and documented by both photos of the painted stone and Olof Sörling’s drawing, reproduced in Lindqvist’s book (1941/41 I, figs. 104, 112; II, fig. 512). A collection of different photos of the painted and unpainted stone dating to the 1930s and 60s is kept in ATA (Run- och bildstenssamling). " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2207", "value_resource_id": 2207, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2207", "display_title": "GP 161 Halla Broa III", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/0a4b22bb8da6bb7d59b33ea8abd309a6e3b47ccb.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0161.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2208", "value_resource_id": 2208, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2208", "display_title": "GP 162 Halla Broa IV", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/a1bbec5d51ba0e734796179599db95712073b49d.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0162.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2433", "value_resource_id": 2433, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2433", "display_title": "GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/20ebf4feb6626832693622e94b44103744d0d211.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0388.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2304", "value_resource_id": 2304, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2304", "display_title": "GP0258", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/77873047d434a760273ee33746e1e5a43285e370.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0258.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:interpretations": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@value": "Even if the images of the horseman’s welcome (adventus) on the Gotlandic picture stones can be traced back to Roman ideas, it must be assumed that those models were re-interpreted in the North (Vierck 1981). Since early research, the motif is assumed, on the basis of Old Norse literature, to depict the arrival of a slain warrior in Valhǫll – a valkyrie offers a welcome drink to the mounted newcomer (e.g. Nordin 1903, p. 150; Lindqvist 1941/1942 I, p. 96; Weber 1973; Ellmers 1973; 1980; 1986; 1995; Oehrl 2019a, pp. 47–50; 2020c, pp. 128–138). A stylised hall building that is supposed to represent Valhǫll can actually be seen on GP 21 Ardre Kyrka VIII and GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I, where the new arrival appears to be sitting on the eight-legged horse of the otherworldly host, Óðinn. See also GP 94 Garda Bote, GP 209 Klinte Hunninge I, and GP 212 Klinte Hunninge IV (Klintebys), which represent the horseman with further conclusive details. \n\nThe common Valhǫll-interpretation of the horseman motif essentially is based on the Eiríksmál (and on the Hákonarmál by Eyvindr skáldaspillir Finnsson that draws on them), a song of praise for the Norwegian king Eiríkr blóðøx (blood axe), written after 954 (von See 1981c; Kreutzer 1989; 1999; Marold 1972; 2006, pp. 228–234). This skaldic poem tells of a fallen warrior’s festive arrival at and admission of into Óðinn’s Valhǫll. Óðinn wakes the einherjar, the dead warriors living in Valhǫll, and requests them to arrange for the hero’s arrival, to prepare the benches and wash the cups. The valkyries are tasked with bringing the wine: […] bað ec […] valkyriur vin bera […] (stanza 1, Finnur Jónsson 1912–1915 A I, p. 174; B I, p. 164; Whaley 2012, p. 1006). In the Eddic poem Grímnismál, numerous valkyries are called by name whose job it is to offer drinking horns and serve beer to the dead warriors in Valhǫll: […] þær bera einheriom ǫl (stanza 36, Neckel/Kuhn 1983, p. 64; cf. Gylfaginning 36, Faulkes 2005, p. 30). \n\nA greeting by a valkyrie to a dead man on horseback in front of the hall of the fallen is known from literature at least indirectly. There is, for example, the welcome given to Atli by Guðrún after Gunnarr’s murder in Atlaqviða (stanzas 32–33, Neckel/Kuhn 1983, p. 245). This is, as shown by Wolf (1952, p. 101–102; 1965, p. 58–59; cf. von See et al. 2012, p. 336), fashioned according to a mythical model, in order to portray Atli as a doomed man: the poet calls Guðrún afkar dís, ‘terrible dís’, a term that can be regarded as a name for a valkyrie. The hall in front of which she welcomes the approaching horseman with a drink is called Valhǫll (stanzas 2 and 14). The Atlakviða appears to have been composed as early as the ninth century. At that time, the notion of the valkyrie welcoming the mounted warrior at the gates of Valhǫll with a drink already must have been very common. \n\nFurther indicators for a horse ride into the beyond are the triangular shapes over which the horse appears to step over on numerous picture stones. They are regarded as the fence that, as per Grímnismál (stanza 22, Neckel/Kuhn 1983, p. 61) and Lokasenna (stanza 63, Neckel/Kuhn 1983, p. 109), surrounds the realm of the dead (valgrindr, nágrindr) (Lindqvist 1941/1942 I, p. 99; Weber 1973, p. 95). According to Snorri, Sleipnir carries the god Hermóðr with a spectacular leap across this barrier (helgrindr) and thus into the kingdom of the dead (Gylfaginning 49, Faulkes 2005, p. 47). Frequently, the horseman is accompanied by a dog that precedes its master (e.g., GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I, GP 94 Garda Bote, GP 209 Klinte Hunninge I). Whether the dog, as in many cultures of the ancient world, should be regarded as a psychopomp (e.g., Gräslund 2004) or a hound of hell (e.g., Weber 1973, p. 98), or rather as the man’s trusty companion in life as in death, must remain open. A kind of a northern version of Cerberus is in fact provided by the Eddic poem Baldrs Draumar (stanza 2–3, Neckel/Kuhn 1983, p. 277). \n\nAlso relevant here are figural bronze/silver pendants (and gold foil figures) that feature individual women with a drinking horn or a kind of cup in their hands (Helmbrecht 2011, pp. 121–123, fig. 23(a–l), cat. no. 86, 151, 153, 216, 227, 236, 525, 670, 725, 803, 811, 1013, 1034, 1049, 1173). The meaning of those figures is subject of controversy (Simek 2002, pp. 110–118; Plochov 2007; Helmbrecht 2011, 124–125; Heizmann 2015). In the light of the picture stones, they have frequently been considered as depictions of valkyries (e.g., Koktvedgaard Zeitzen 1997, pp. 10–11; Price 2002, 336–337; Vang Petersen 2005, pp. 76–77). Particularly important are those figural pendants that show an armed woman greeting a horseman and offering him a cup (Helmbrecht 2011, pp. 68–71, fig. 2(a–b)–3(a–e), catalogue-no. 256–258, 105, 174, 196, 258; Gardeła 2018, pp. 404–408, tab. 3, fig. 5). That at least these martial ‘receptionists’ and servers of drinks should be regarded as valkyries welcoming the slain certainly is the most plausible explanation (Vierck 2002, 24–26). \n\nAs the valkyries by no means represent the only women in the world of the dead, nor the only mythical givers of drinks, other – albeit less convincing – alternatives for the woman with the drinking horn on Gotland’s picture stones have been put forward. She could represent the goddess Freyja (Göransson 1999, pp. 230–231), of whom Grímnismál says that she receives half of the fallen: according to the poem, the dead take their seats in the goddess’ hall, which may be thought of as a banqueting hall (stanza 14, Neckel/Kuhn 1983, p. 60). It does not mention, however, that the dead are provided by the goddess with food and drink. But the woman with the drinking horn also could represent Hel, the goddess of the dead – Baldrs draumar indicates that mead was waiting for Óðinn’s dying son Baldr in Hel’s realm of the dead: Hér stendr Baldri / of brugginn mioðr, / scírar veigar (stanza. 7, Neckel/Kuhn 1983, p. 278) (cp. Kopár 2012, pp. 99–101). The motif of the lady with the drinking horn has also been linked to the dísir (Simek 2002, p. 117; cf. Hellers 2012, pp. 129–133) – a group of female deities who are well documented in literature yet remain enigmatic; probably fertility goddesses associated with the Roman cult of the Matres. Occasionally the Matronae of votive stones are holding a cornucopia. Also scarcely convincing is the suggestion that the woman was the valkyrie Brynhildr/Sigrdrífa (Staecker 2004, pp. 64–65; 2006, pp. 364–365; 2013, pp. 49–51), who passes a mead horn to the hero Sigurðr after he had awakened her from an enchanted sleep: Hon tóc þá horn, fult miaðar, oc gaf hánom minnisveig (Sigrdrífomál stanza 1–2 and prose part, Neckel/Kuhn 1983, p. 189). Gjessing believes the horseman is Óðinn and the woman with the horn the giant’s daughter Gunnlǫð, who serves him the mead of poetry (Gjessing 1943, pp. 78–80). \n\nApart from these considerations, the mythological character of the picture stones’ welcoming scenes has been called into question in general (Eshleman 2000, pp. 19–21; Ney 2007, p. 37; 2012). The proffering of a drinking vessel could be regarded as a universally valid formula of paying homage that derived from the eminent role of women in the drinking ceremonial of Germanic warrior retinues (Enright 1988; 1996). \n\nIn the context of the horseman’s welcome regarded a reception in the afterworld, the ships on the Viking Age picture stones are frequently considered as ships of the dead, vessels transporting the deceased into the beyond (e.g. Ebert 1919/20, pp. 188–189; Major 1924, p. 118; Almgren 1940, p. 32; Kreutzer 1988, p. 21; Ellmers 1973; 1986; 1995; Lindow 1993; Lamm/Nylén 2003, pp. 15–16, 22, 70; Hauck 1976a, p. 588; Egeler 2015, fn. 61; Oehrl 2019a, pp. 55–58; 2020c, pp. 151–166). The fact that the picture stones depict two different ways of travel into the world of the dead – by water and by horse – is explained by Ellmers in a way that is essentially plausible: according to him, boat ride and horse ride represent two consecutive phases in the deceased’s journey (cf. Lamm/Nylén 2003, p. 70; Hauck 1976a, p. 588; Althaus 1993, p. 139). The dead, he suggests, first must arrive by ship from the land of the living; having reached the shore on the other side, they continue their journey to Valhǫll by horse. The eight-legged horses on the stones GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII and GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I allegedly show that on his landing on the shore, the dead man is given the horse of his host, i.e., Óðinn’s horse Sleipnir. Here, Ellmers refers to the visit in 826 by the Danish king Harald Klak to Louis the Pious in Ingelheim; having landed on the shore of the river Rhine, Harald was received by Louis’ delegation, and as a special honour, the Emperor’s own horse was placed at his disposal for the ride to the imperial palace. \n\nAccording to numerous scholars (Stjerna 1905, p. 114; Ebert 1919/20, pp. 185–188, 196; Major 1924; Müller-Wille et al. 1978, pp. 277, 285; Ellmers 1992, p. 99; Egeler 2015, fn. 491, 572), the fact that Pre-Christian Scandinavians believed in a transmarine afterworld and a ship of the dead is proven by Vendel Period and Viking-Age ship burials as well as boat-shaped stone-settings (Müller-Wille 1968/69; 1974; 1995; Müller-Wille et al. 1978; Capelle 1986; 2004a; 2004b). In support of the thesis of a ship of the dead (Egeler 2015, pp. 113–180), it is argued in the case of the famous ship burial at Oseberg on the Oslofjord (dated 834) that the vessel in the grave appeared to have been ‘staged’ as being ready to put to sea; with its mast, rudder, and oars all prepared, with the anchor stowed on board, and with the ship (temporarily) moored to a bollard stone (Ebert 1919/20, p. 188; Major 1924, p. 147; Herschend 2000, pp. 143, 146, 148; Egeler 2015, pp. 147–148). The coins (including three unminted planchets) retrieved from the Anglo-Saxon royal ship burial at Sutton Hoo in East Suffolk (about 625) were interpreted as Charon’s pennies for the entire crew, as their number exactly matched the number of the oarsmen (Grierson 1970; cf. Müller-Wille et al. 1978, pp. 274, 276–277; Egeler 2015, pp. 149–150). In any case – and this is a serious indicator – the obolus custom, well documented in Germania since the third century, including Viking-Age Sweden, clearly refers to a concept of a transmarine world of the dead that can be reached by boat (Ebert 1919/20, p. 186; Gräslund 1965/66; Müller-Wille 1968/69, p. 148; Steuer 2002; Egeler 2013b, pp. 10–15). \n\nUnlike in Greco-Roman or Celtic antiquity, in the North the belief in a ship of the dead is documented only sparsely in literature (Grimm 1968 [1875–1878], pp. 693–697; Müller-Wille 1968/69, pp. 126–129; Althaus 1993, pp. 141–146; Egeler 2015, 114–135). Most sources mentioned in this context describe burials in a boat, but without clear reference to a journey into the beyond. One of the more applicable instances is Snorri’s account of the burial of the god Baldr (Gylfaginning 49, Faulkes 2005, 46 f; Lorenz 1984, 567-574; Lindow 1997, 69-100) which, at least in essence, traces back to the Húsdrápa by skald Úlfr Uggason from the tenth century (Finnur Jónsson 1912–1915 A I, pp. 136–138; B I, pp. 128–130.). It tells how the body of Óðinn’s son Baldr, together with his horse, is submitted to the sea in a burning ship. After the boat burial, it is related how Baldr’s brother Hermóðr talks to the guardian of the bridge leading across the underworld river Gjǫll (Gjallarbrú). She tells him that dead Baldr had crossed the bridge on his horse and ridden into the realm of Hel. Obviously, Baldr had travelled to the underworld in the burning ship and changed to the horse on the shore of the world of the dead (Egeler 2015, pp. 114–118). This corresponds to Ellmers’ suggested sequence of a journey into the beyond shown on the Gotlandic picture stones that combines travel in a boat and on horseback. \n\nAlso, reference must be made to the ship Naglfar, which, according to Snorri, during Ragnarǫk takes Loki and the giant Hrymr with the ‘sons of Muspell’ and an army of the dead (Heljar sinnar, ‘Hel’s companions’) to the fight against the gods (Gylfaginning 51, Faulkes 2005, 50; Vǫluspá stanza 50–51, Neckel/Kuhn 1983, pp. 11–12). It is generally accepted that the ship’s name means ‘ship of the dead’ or ‘ship of corpses’ (Lie 1954, pp. 153–154; De Vries 1959, p. 404; Müller-Wille 1968/69, p. 141; Egeler 2015, p. 128). That Naglfar also played a role independent from the Ragnarǫk myth, as a means of transport for the deceased, is probable (Krohn 1912; Major 1924, p. 127; Stjerna 1912, p. 115; Simek 2004, p. 78; Simek 1982; Egeler 2015, p. 128). Another reference to a transmarine world of the dead, on the shores of which the dead disembark, is provided by Vǫluspá, stanza 38 (Neckel/Kuhn 1983, p. 9; cf. Gylfaginning 52, Faulkes 2005, p. 53), by the toponym Nástrǫndr, ‛beach of the dead’ or ‛beach of corpses’ (Stjerna 1912, p. 113; Müller-Wille et al. 1978, p. 285; Ellmers 1986, pp. 348–349; Egeler 2015, pp. 125–126). \n\nFurthermore, Vǫlsunga saga (written down in the thirteenth century) relates how an old ferryman (Óðinn) transports the body of the hero Sinfjǫtli across a lake in a barge (Waser 1898, pp. 3, 7–8; Heide 2011, p. 61; Egeler 2015, pp. 128–129). The barge with the dead hero disappears and does not reappear again (ch. 10, Finch 1965, pp. 18–19). This account also is found in the prose text Frá dauða Sinfiotla in the Codex regius (Neckel/Kuhn 1983, p. 162). Not least because Sinfjǫtli’s rapture was recognised as one of several parallels between the saga and Arthurian epic poetry (Baesecke 1940, pp. 282–284, 286–287; Finch 1965, p. XXXV fn. 10; Egeler 2015, pp. 129–130), this reference should be handled with care. Of some interest in this context, however, is Gísla saga Súrssonar, written in the thirteenth century (Björn K. Þórólfsson/Guðni Jónsson 1943, p. 56). Its author tells of a burial in a boat, which is then covered by a mound. During the burial proceedings, a heavy rock is placed in the boat, probably with the aim, as is suggested by the context, to weigh down the vessel to such a degree that it cannot put to sea. Apparently, this was meant to prevent the journey of the interred person to the world of the dead (Rosén 1918, pp. 128–129, 166; Egeler 2015, pp. 121–125; differently Wiberg 1937; cf. Müller-Wille 1968/69, p. 137). \n\nOnly Skjǫldunga saga explicitly describes the burial in a ship as a journey to the realm of Óðinn (Major 1924, pp. 129–130; Müller-Wille 1968/69, pp. 129–130; Lindow 1997, pp. 85–86; Egeler 2015, pp. 118–119). Sigvardus boards the ship while alive, as rather than growing old, he rather wishes, in the manner of the ancestors, ‘to visit King Óðinn (i.e., the underworld) with royal splendour’ – [...] regali pompa Odinum Regem (id est inferos) invisere malle [...] (Jakob Benediktsson 1950, p. 463). This, however, is to be learned only from the saga’s Latin summary by Arngrímur Jónsson from 1596, while the saga itself, which probably was written about 1200, has not survived except for a few fragments (Acker 2007). \n\nThis, in essence, is the quite limited literary basis of the thesis of the ship of the dead in Pre-Christian Scandinavia. As the texts mentioned either do not explicitly allude to a boat ride into the realm of the dead but only hint at it, or were written at a comparatively late date, the existence of a concept of the ship of the dead in the pagan North is doubted in general by several scholars, and consequently, the ship imagery of the Gotlandic picture stones is interpreted in a different way – as pictures taken from the real life of the deceased person in whose honour the stone was erected, meant to glamorise the lifestyle of a warrior elite or celebrate the dead individual as a skilled seafarer, or refer to his death in a foreign country, while on a trade journey or in a sea battle (Lindqvist 1940, p. 55; 1941/1942 I, p. 92–93, 101; 1962, p. 22; von See 1981a, p. 118; Buisson 1976, p. 86; Holmqvist 1976, p. 566; Stenberger 1977, p. 342; Lindow 1993; Althaus 1993, pp. 137–182). \n\nLittle attention is paid in this discussion, however, to the fact that as early as in ‘Abschnitt’ A, there is iconographic evidence for the importance and function of the rowing boat as a vessel of the dead – see GP 350 Sanda kyrka IV and GP 428 Stenkyrka kyrka 46. On the Stenkyrka fragment, a flying spear marks the crewed rowing boat as belonging to the realm of death. In this way, we also should probably interpret the missile above the small ship on the Viking Age (Type C/D) picture stone GP 253 Lärbro St. Hammars I as a ‘spear of death’. The Viking Age (Type C/D) fragment GP 339 Rute St. Valle 2 probably represents Óðinn, god of the slain, accompanying the ship of the dead and marking it with his spear. See the relevant articles for more detailed information and bibliography (here only the most relevant literature: Oehrl 2019a, pp. 57, 105–120, 227–242; 2020c, pp. 157–158; in print a). \n\nThe figure behind the horseman of Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III, composed of three triangles, occurs on a number of late-type picture stones. It is known under two different terms – Norwegian/Swedish/Danish valknut (also valknude, valknop) and the Old Norse term Hrungnis hjarta (Hellers 2012, pp. 40–50). The first is not recorded before the beginning of the 18th century and refers to different kinds of knot- and loop-like symbols in Scandinavian folk art, in particular, those which are commonly described as ʻquatrefoil knotsʼ (Vierpassknoten, fyrpass). The etymology of valknut is unclear but usually interpreted as representing an Old Norse term valknútr which can be translated as ʻknot of the slainʼ. The Old Norse term Hrungnis hjarta (ʻHrungnirʼs heartʼ) originates from Snorri Sturluson’s Skáldskaparmál (ch. 17), written down around 1220. Snorri retells the myth about the god Þórr and his fight against the giant Hrungnir, who is described as having a special kind of heart: “Hrungnir átti hjarta þat er frægt er, af hǫrdum steini ok tindótt með þrim hornum svá sem síðan er gert var ristubragð þat er Hrungnis hjarta heitir” (Faulkes 1998, p. 21) – ʻHrungnir had a heart that is renowned, made of solid stone and spiky with three points just like the symbol for carving called Hrungnirʼs heart has ever since been madeʼ (Faulkes 1987, p. 78). The actual reason for depicting the giant’s heart on picture stones and other artifacts, however, remains unclear. Furthermore, it cannot be assumed with certainty that the connection between the symbol and the Hrungnir myth established by Snorri is based on ancient tradition. \n\nThe possible meaning of the so-called Hrungnis hjarta or valknut and other kinds of ʻtriangle signsʼ or ʻtriple symbolsʼ on late type picture stones, most of which are more-or-less triskele-like, has been discussed extensively by Hellers 2012, pp. 100–186 (with previous interpretations and relevant literature; see also Main 2020, pp. 31–34, 41, 44, 78–79 appendix 2). There may be a connection to the sphere of death and the supreme god Óðinn (who is also god of the fallen) since these signs mostly occur close to those motifs which are commonly regarded as depicting the afterlife journey (horseman, ship, and others; see in particular GP 258 Lärbro Tängelgårda I, GP 120 Grötlingbo Barshaldershed 6, GP 341 Sanda kyrka I) or sacrificial scenes (GP 59 Buttle Änge V and GP 253 Lärbro St. Hammars I). \n\nThere is a certain proximity between those picture stone triple symbols and the triquetra. The triquetra is a widespread decorative element in early medieval art, which in Christian contexts is mostly regarded as symbol of the Trinity (Traetteberg 1974; Moltke 1974; see also Main 2020). Possibly, the Gotlandic ʻtriple symbolsʼ are inspired by Continental or Western triquetra symbolism. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2068", "value_resource_id": 2068, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2068", "display_title": "GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/559bf4735a777ba206c0713bc3a7018d9174aacf.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0021.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2052", "value_resource_id": 2052, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2052", "display_title": "GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/ad15c2e35b95a984bf0f785567b10cfd346dc922.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0005.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2141", "value_resource_id": 2141, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2141", "display_title": "GP0094", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/89d351acb925a49bbbc69ed6cd935473f2384af3.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0094.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2255", "value_resource_id": 2255, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2255", "display_title": "GP0209", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/0e23943917d457212ccf0fc888de9f993ebb9778.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0209.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2258", "value_resource_id": 2258, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2258", "display_title": "GP 212 Klinte Hunninge (IV) (Klintebys)", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/403f779f9a82ef3ff7d10083df0c57792d7a2877.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0212.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2395", "value_resource_id": 2395, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2395", "display_title": "GP 350 Sanda kyrka IV", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/a0f3efc5fb4baf2ee7d66f7a01baf52e87912a20.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0350.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2473", "value_resource_id": 2473, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2473", "display_title": "GP 428 Stenkyrka kyrka 46", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/cf80fb7f442e093cfa7da0317203b32744faf3a3.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0428.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2299", "value_resource_id": 2299, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2299", "display_title": "GP 253 Lärbro Stora Hammars I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/d633dfb0db357f71c420b161a1e48e1024726ee9.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0253", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2384", "value_resource_id": 2384, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2384", "display_title": "GP 339 Rute St. Valle 2", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/f2f482480f543f7cf6b285590bbf8cb7c420d43e.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0339.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2304", "value_resource_id": 2304, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2304", "display_title": "GP0258", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/77873047d434a760273ee33746e1e5a43285e370.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0258.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2167", "value_resource_id": 2167, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2167", "display_title": "GP0120", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/46171aa284fae7eec4ddcc269eca31cbc0e70fd9.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0120.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2386", "value_resource_id": 2386, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2386", "display_title": "GP 341 Sanda kyrka I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/b0a22f8bf7599dea66636e834db9b3016d8d9552.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0341.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2106", "value_resource_id": 2106, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2106", "display_title": "GP0059", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/d5d3d9f2fa1040a0a1d071a1db733c8d5fd3eff0.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0059.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@value": "Mushroom-shaped late-type ʻdwarf stoneʼ. Lindqvist (1941/42 I, p. 44) assigns it to his ʻAbschnittʼ C which he dates to the time around AD 700. Current research, however, tends to date those monuments roughly to between the 8th century (or rather around AD 800) and the 10th century. According to Martin Rundkvist’s (2012) typology, the stone’s shape represents Type dwarf4, which occurs in his periods 4 (Late Vendel Period), 5 (Early Viking Period), and 6 (Middle Viking Period). According to Varenius’ ship typology (1992, pp. 69–74 and appendix 2), the rigging of the ship depiction belongs to his group III (segelskepp med skot i hanfot), which he dates to the 9th or 10th centuries. Lisbeth Imer (2004, p. 104) dates the stone to after AD 750 or even after around AD 800 (2012, p. 117). The shape of the horse, in particular the shape of its head with its characteristic frame is reminiscent of Salin’s Style II and thus could be regarded as an indication of a date before AD 800. The runic inscription seems to point to the period between the 8th and the early 9th century, whereby a dating to the 10th century cannot be ruled out runologically (see VIII). " } ], "ai2:shapeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:3", "property_id": 305, "property_label": "Lindqvist Shape", "is_public": true, "@value": "Dwarf stone" } ], "ai2:typeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:2", "property_id": 303, "property_label": "Lindqvist Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "C/D (ca. 700-1000)" } ], "ai2:runicInscriptionYesNo": [ { "type": "customvocab:5", "property_id": 317, "property_label": "Runic Inscription or not", "is_public": true, "@value": "Yes" } ], "ai2:runicInscription": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 286, "property_label": "Runic Inscription", "is_public": true, "@value": "Transliteration: ᴅ-(a)^ʀ(u)(t^)ᴅuþ (cf. Gustavson/Snædal 2013, Stenkyrka p. 6)." } ], "ai2:runicContextComments": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 331, "property_label": "Runic Context and Comments", "is_public": true, "@value": "The indecipherable inscription (G 268) has been characterized as mixture of older futhark runes and short-twig runes (ibid. and Snædal 2002, p. 48). Without doubt, the d-rune, clearly representing an older futhark rune, is carved two times on the stone, as well as the u-rune and probably the þ-rune, which occur in both the older and the younger futhark. Those characters of the Lillbjärs inscription which are supposed to represent clear short-twig runes, however, are difficult to discern and remain uncertain (Källström 2012, pp. 123–124). Therefore, it is imaginable that the entire inscription is executed in older futhark runes. Whatever the case, as the old d-rune is used, the inscription was probably carved before the early 9th century. However, it is entirely possible that certain older futhark runes were in use even longer on Gotland, until the 10th or even 11th century (Gustavson/Snædal 2013, Stenkyrka p. 6; cf. GP 111 Gothem kyrka 4 [= G 157]; GP 244 Lokrume kyrka [= G 252]; GP 76 Eskelhem kyrka; see Oehrl 2019a, p. 279). Those characters could also be regarded as division markers or para-script characters of other function (cf. Imer 2012, p. 117). " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 331, "property_label": "Runic Context and Comments", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2158", "value_resource_id": 2158, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2158", "display_title": "GP0111", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/4b7ec6b89a9c25ebf69b3765d21cd47ae99bfa2e.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0111.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 331, "property_label": "Runic Context and Comments", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2290", "value_resource_id": 2290, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2290", "display_title": "GP 244 Lokrume kyrka", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/8bfebd3965015e2868ab4f17511bb2f16da86821.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0244.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 331, "property_label": "Runic Context and Comments", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2123", "value_resource_id": 2123, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2123", "display_title": "GP 76 Eskelhem kyrka", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/24f4784ba423c11154a92b868d8ea9f36f67dfe8.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0076.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:references": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 288, "property_label": "References", "is_public": true, "@value": "Fornvännen 1909, pp. 253–354; Lindqvist 1941/42 I, pp. 44, 75–78, 80, 82, 94, 102, figs. 104, 111–112, 114–115; II, pp. 118, 122–123, fig. 512; Helmbrecht 2011, p. 485 cat. no. 834; Hellers 2012, pp. 66–67, fig. 12, pl. 4a; Gustavson/Snædal 2013, Stenkyrka pp. 5–8; Kitzler Åhfeldt 2013a, p. 64; 2015, pp. 399, 418, figs. 38, 42; Oehrl 2019a, pp. 13, 24, 67, 275–277, 279, 291, figs. 4a, 32f, 331c–e; 2020c, fig. 15. " } ], "ai2:slID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 328, "property_label": "Lindqvist Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "Stenkyrka, Lillbjärs III" } ], "ai2:model3D": [ { "type": "resource:item", "property_id": 344, "property_label": "3D model", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/4921", "value_resource_id": 4921, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/4921", "display_title": "3D model for GP0390", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/application/asset/thumbnails/default.png", "thumbnail_title": "fler/GP0390_RGB.nxz", "thumbnail_type": "application/octet-stream" } ], "ai2:jpID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 308, "property_label": "Jan Peder Lamm ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "279" } ], "ai2:shmID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 311, "property_label": "Statens Historiska Museer ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "13742" } ], "ai2:runverketID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 309, "property_label": "Runverket ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "G 268" } ], "ai2:summarySwedish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@value": "Fyndplats \nBildstenen påträffades 1908 vid ett gravröse, vid grävningar på gravfältet Lillbjärs. Överlämnades till Statens Historiska Museum 1909. \n\nNuvarande lokalisering \nStatens Historiska Museum, magasinet i Tumba \n\nBeskrivning \nHelt bevarad ”dvärgsten” (period CD), 86 cm hög och som bredast 45 cm. Bildstenen är uppdelad i två bildfält, det övre med en ryttare och en kvinna som håller fram ett dryckeshorn. Bakom ryttarens nacke är tre trianglar flätade i varandra. I det nedre fältet avbildas ett skepp med segel. \n\nDatering \nKan inte dateras med säkerhet, men tillhör perioden 700-1000-talen. \n\nTolkning \nVälkomstmotivet tolkas ofta som en avbildning av de dödes resa till dödsriket. Flätade trianglar kan hänga samman med et kristna triquetra-motivet, men kan också associeras med döden. \n\nInskrift \nBildstenen innehåller rester av en runinskrift, som inte kan tolkas. \n\nAA " } ], "ai2:iconography": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "horse" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "rider" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "helmet" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "shield" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "whorl" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "trousers" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "valknut" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "drinking horn" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "woman" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "dress" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "tunic" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "belt" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "ship" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "sail" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "mast" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "rudder" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "waves" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "men" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "valkyrie" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 295, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6581391" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 296, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "675775" } ], "@reverse": { "ai2:interpretations": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2123", "o:title": "GP 76 Eskelhem kyrka" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2207", "o:title": "GP 161 Halla Broa III" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2208", "o:title": "GP 162 Halla Broa IV" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2411", "o:title": "GP 366 Stenkyrka kyrka VI" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2605", "o:title": "GP 561 Väte Gullarve" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2230", "o:title": "GP 184 Hejnum Riddare" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2257", "o:title": "GP 211 Klinte Hunninge III" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2258", "o:title": "GP 212 Klinte Hunninge (IV) (Klintebys)" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2320", "o:title": "GP 274 Norrlanda Bringes" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2322", "o:title": "GP 276 När Rikvide (I)" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2430", "o:title": "GP 385 Stenkyrka kyrka 10" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2433", "o:title": "GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2539", "o:title": "GP 494 Tingstäde kyrka 24" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2607", "o:title": "GP 563 Väte kyrka 2" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2051", "o:title": "GP 4 Alskog Ollajvs" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2088", "o:title": "GP 41 Bro Ekes" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2177", "o:title": "GP 131 Hablingbo kyrka (I)" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2324", "o:title": "GP 278 När Bosarve" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2606", "o:title": "GP 562 Väte Mölner" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2614", "o:title": "GP 570 Stenkyrka kyrkogården" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2299", "o:title": "GP 253 Lärbro Stora Hammars I" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2302", "o:title": "GP 256 Lärbro Stora Hammars IV" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2199", "o:title": "GP 153 Halla kyrka 2" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2207", "o:title": "GP 161 Halla Broa III" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2208", "o:title": "GP 162 Halla Broa IV" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2216", "o:title": "GP 170 Halla kyrka 5" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2433", "o:title": "GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2414", "o:title": "GP 369 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs IV" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2415", "o:title": "GP 370 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VII" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2416", "o:title": "GP 371 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs IX" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2417", "o:title": "GP 372 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIII" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2418", "o:title": "GP 373 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIX" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2422", "o:title": "GP 377 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIa" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2423", "o:title": "GP 378 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIb" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2424", "o:title": "GP 379 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIc" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2425", "o:title": "GP 380 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VId" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2426", "o:title": "GP 381 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIe" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2433", "o:title": "GP 388 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs I" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2434", "o:title": "GP 389 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs II" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2436", "o:title": "GP 391 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs V" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2437", "o:title": "GP 392 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs VIII" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2438", "o:title": "GP 393 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XIV" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2439", "o:title": "GP 394 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XV" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2440", "o:title": "GP 395 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVII" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2441", "o:title": "GP 396 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVIII" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2474", "o:title": "GP 429 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XVI" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2475", "o:title": "GP 430 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XI" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2476", "o:title": "GP 431 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs XII" }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2485", "o:title": "GP 440 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs X" } ], "ai2:runicContextComments": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2607", "o:title": "GP 563 Väte kyrka 2" } ], "ai2:modelVisualizes": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/4921", "o:title": "3D model for GP0390" } ] } }, { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2478", "@type": [ "o:Item", "dctype:PhysicalObject" ], "o:id": 2478, "o:is_public": true, "o:owner": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/users/1", "o:id": 1 }, "o:resource_class": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_classes/32", "o:id": 32 }, "o:resource_template": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_templates/2", "o:id": 2 }, "o:thumbnail": null, "o:title": "GP 433 Stenkyrka kyrka 11", "thumbnail_display_urls": { "large": null, "medium": null, "square": null }, "o:created": { "@value": "2023-03-07T10:42:18+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:modified": { "@value": "2025-08-26T11:36:25+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:primary_media": null, "o:media": [], "o:item_set": [], "o:site": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/sites/2", "o:id": 2 } ], "dcterms:title": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 1, "property_label": "Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP 433 Stenkyrka kyrka 11" } ], "dcterms:identifier": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 10, "property_label": "Identifier", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP0433" } ], "ai2:urlLinks": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 316, "property_label": "Links", "is_public": true, "@id": "https://app.raa.se/open/arkivsok/results?arkiv_samling=Sune%20Lindqvist%20-%20Prim%C3%A4rmaterial%20Gotlands%20Bildsteine&searchtype=filter&page=0&pagesize=25", "o:label": "ATA" } ], "ai2:findLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 280, "property_label": "Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Stenkyrka church" } ], "ai2:findLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:7", "property_id": 318, "property_label": "Find Context Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Church" } ], "ai2:findLocationParish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 293, "property_label": "Parish Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Stenkyrka" } ], "ai2:findingPlaceName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 292, "property_label": "Finding Place Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Stenkyrka kyrka" } ], "ai2:findLocationContext": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 291, "property_label": "Find Context", "is_public": true, "@value": "Påträffad vid restaurering av kyrkan" } ], "ai2:grave": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 306, "property_label": "Grave or Not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:presentLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:6", "property_id": 332, "property_label": "Present Location Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Gotlands Museum Magasin Visborg" } ], "ai2:presentLocationName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 314, "property_label": "Present Location Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Gotlands Museum" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@value": "The stone was found in the church of Stenkyrka, which is also mentioned in Guta saga (ch. 3; Peel 1999, pp. 10–11). The earliest church at this place was a wooden building that was replaced by a stone structure in the first half of the 12th century. The foundations of the early church were discovered beneath the floor of the current church, built during the 13th century; further remains are preserved in the gable walls of the nave (on the building’s architectural history, see Roosval 1911, pp. 84–86; 1914, pp. 1–52, esp. 21–24; Lagerlöf/Svahnström 1991, pp. 239–243). In his book “Gotlands Bildsteine”, Sune Lindqvist (1941/42 II, pp. 115–118) lists nine picture stones from Stenkyrka church. By contrast, the list put together by Jan Peder Lamm in 2003 contains no fewer than 40 new discoveries (Lamm/Nylén 2003, nos. 238–276, 425, 426). The unusually large number of stones found not only in the church, but in the entire parish, is an indicator of the political and religious position that Stenkyrka probably already held even before the first church was built (see Roosval 1914, p. 5). Many of the new finds from the church, including Stenkyrka kyrka 11, were discovered during a large-scale restoration, which was carried out in 1954/55 according to plans by the architect Rolf Bergh. The restoration report which is kept at ATA (F1 Antikvarisk-topografiska dossierer, Go, Stenkyrka kyrka, 1955) does not contain information about the position in which the stone was encountered in the church wall, when it was built in, or what function it might have served. The 1954/55 finds are largely undocumented and unpublished. An exception is GP 428 Stenkyrka kyrka 46, which was used as an altar slab; it was discussed and published by Lindqvist in 1956. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2473", "value_resource_id": 2473, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2473", "display_title": "GP 428 Stenkyrka kyrka 46", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/cf80fb7f442e093cfa7da0317203b32744faf3a3.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0428.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:measurementsMaterialAndCondition": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 283, "property_label": "Measurements, Material and Condition", "is_public": true, "@value": "The fragment represents the right part of the head of a tall Type C picture stone (Oehrl 2019a, pls. 237a–c). The break line on the left side runs down vertically; at the lower edge, it is irregular. At the lower-right corner, the pointed edge of the characteristic, mushroom-shaped head is missing. The piece is made of limestone and has a maximum height of 0.77 m and a maximum width of 0.57 m. The carved figures in low relief are only slightly raised, less than 1 mm high. Nonetheless, in most cases, the contours of the figures are clearly recognisable, as their smoothed surfaces stand out clearly against the carefully and evenly chiselled rough background. In general, the relief appears rather fresh and does not exhibit significant traces of weathering or abrasion. There are a few small pits and wart-like structures of natural origin, but apart from this, the image area is fairly even and undamaged. \n\nApparently, some black paint had been applied shortly after the stone’s discovery, but this is now almost completely faded or washed off (Oehrl 2019a, pl. 237b–c). The colour of the right half of the image-bearing surface differs from that of the rest of the stone, as it appears slightly brownish and is surrounded by a thin, dark, and rectangular frame (ibid.). This frame seems to be of dust or soot, but it adheres firmly to the surface and cannot be removed with a hand brush. These differences in colour appear to be due to storage conditions. Possibly, another object – either while the stone was built in the church or during its storage in the museum’s depot – rested on the stone’s obverse for some considerable time. The condition might also indicate that at some unknown moment after the fragment’s discovery, the right part of the image-bearing surface was moulded with latex or silicone. There is, however, no information about such a procedure. " } ], "ai2:dimensionsHeight": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 298, "property_label": "Height", "is_public": true, "@value": "73" } ], "ai2:dimensionsWidth": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 299, "property_label": "Width", "is_public": true, "@value": "57" } ], "ai2:material": [ { "type": "customvocab:10", "property_id": 301, "property_label": "Material", "is_public": true, "@value": "Limestone" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@value": "Lamm notes in his list that next to the border, there are figurative images, including two women (“I övre fält bl.a. kvinnobilder”). In a photo collection kept at Gotland’s Museum (Bildstenar, N–V, okänd fyndplats [extra foto]) there is a photograph that show the stone with tracings in black paint, which probably was taken soon after the fragment was delivered to the Museum in 1954/55 (Oehrl 2019a, pl. 237a). Attached to the photo are brief details – dimensions, year of discovery, material – as well as a short sentence describing the stone’s images: “Halva överdelen av stenen med bandfläta och 2 scener med människor” (ʻHalf of the upper part of the stone with interlace and two scenes with humansʼ). The tracing, as it can be seen on this photo from the 1950s, reveals the following pictures: \n\nAt the remaining edge of the stone’s head, the complex interlace pattern of a border is clearly visible. In the lower part of the fragment, there are the remnants of a wide, horizontal border with an indistinct pattern, which separates two image panels. Of the lower panel, only a small part has survived; on it, there is a small roundel, surrounded by further, but unrecognisable elements. The upper image panel is preserved to its full height, but the left half is gone. A narrow, vertical bar divides the surviving surface into two fields. In the left field, a tall, upright anthropomorphic figure can be seen that could represent a man in a tunic, with a short chin (beard?) and hair or braids ascending to his neck. It might also be a woman, however. The figure is turned to the left, towards further but blurred elements, possibly another vertical border. The figure’s arms are pointed downwards, with the forearms slightly bent. The left forearm appears to merge into a loop-shaped object, while the right touches the vertical border. In the right field, also traced with paint, another human figure is turned to the left, and there is a wide braid down its neck. The figure’s arms hang down and end in stumps at about waist level. From the waist down, this peculiar figure is surrounded with a variety of elongated or wavy, serpentine shapes that cannot be clearly defined and are difficult to describe. \n\nA re-investigation of the stone in 2013, based on RTI-technology and 3D models, produced a modified reading of the imagery (Oehrl 2019a, pp. 212–213, pls. 238a–244b). While emerging quite clearly, the anthropomorphic figure in the left field offers few details. The chin and the long hair, highlighted by paint in the old photograph, cannot be made out with certainty. The most distinct part is the torso, down to about waist level, with the straight arms pointing downwards. The left arm appears to merge into (or be stuck in) a round, disc-shaped object. The end of the other arm could be designed the same way, but it is too vague to determine. As there seem to be no legs, these either have been carved very weakly, or instead a woman in a long dress is depicted. An identification of the figure as a woman is more probable than as a man, but there can be no certainty. Very clear is the vertical divider that in its lower half describes a slight curve. There are remains of a further vertical border to the left of the large anthropomorphic figure near the break. The anthropomorphic figure in the right image field could not be verified by Oehrl; where the head of this figure was supposed to be, only a rough, uneven surface was recorded, and the structure formerly identified as a braid is in fact only an isolated, worm-like shape. Likewise, the alleged arms turned out to be worm-like or serpentine figures. Two such ‘serpents’ can be seen clearly in the lower-right corner, and possibly more in the field’s centre and the lower-left corner. In the lower part of the field, there also is a slightly curled and tapering ribbon, which appears to represent another ‘serpent’. On the other hand, however, it also is reminiscent of the head of a bird of prey with a hooked beak. Two appendices, pointing upwards and downwards, respectively, could be interpreted as wings. " } ], "ai2:interpretations": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@value": "If the object into which the arms of the human figure in the left image field merge can in fact be regarded as a ring, two interpretations are viable: They either are enormous jewellery rings on the woman’s wrists, shown disproportionally large, or shackles tying her hands. There are several examples in early medieval art for the depiction of fetters as rings, both in Christian iconography (notably in the case of the bound Satan) and in late Iron-Age imagery in Northern Europe (Oehrl 2011a, esp. pp. 18–25; 2015a, pp. 469–471). A particularly close example is the fragment of the cross-shaft no. 1 in Kirkby Stephen in Cumbria, England, dated to the tenth century. The bearded man portrayed on it is tied with ring-shaped shackles on hands and feet and (among other ideas) has been interpreted as the bound figure of either Satan or the Norse god Loki (Bailey/Cramp 1988, p. 120, figs. 390–393; Kopár 2012, pp. 84–85, 88, fig. 35; Oehrl 2011a, pp. 126–127 with further references, fig. 237). \n\nIf we regard the human figure of Stenkyrka kyrka 11 to be shown both fettered and next to a small rectangular room full of worm- or snakelike animals, the same interpretative options as in the case of GP 209 Klinte Hunninge I, GP 397 Stenkyrka Smiss I, and GP 18 Ardre kyrka VI could be considered (see there, with references). If the figure is male, it could be the hero Gunnarr, who according to the Old Norse tradition of the Nibelung legend met his death in a ‘snake yard’ or snake pit. Possibly the scene depicts the moment just before he is thrown to the snakes or before the snakes are sent into the chamber. Or perhaps the scene deals with the wicked god Loki, who, as told comprehensively by Snorri Sturluson, is punished by the Æsir, tied up in a snake cave, and tormented by a venomous snake. But another interpretation may be the depiction of a post-mortem place of punishment, inhabited by serpents, based on Christian models, as featured in the eddic poem Vǫluspá. If, however, there was a bird with a hooked beak among the worms in the right chamber, this group of animals could be linked to the description of hell in the Old English poem Solomon and Saturn (lines 468–474) of the ninth or tenth century. In it, hell provides not only ‘pale asps’ (blace nædran) and ʻsnake yards’ (wyrmgeardas), but also ʻbloody eagles’ (blodige earnas) for the punishment of Satan and his supporters (van Kirk Dobbie 1968, p. 47). " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2255", "value_resource_id": 2255, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2255", "display_title": "GP0209", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/0e23943917d457212ccf0fc888de9f993ebb9778.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0209.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2442", "value_resource_id": 2442, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2442", "display_title": "GP0397", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/798a73062f0eba6b00029bc4865ce36e1df5e242.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0397.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2065", "value_resource_id": 2065, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2065", "display_title": "GP 18 Ardre kyrka VI", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/7c26c13dd3c7dc94bae96570012d632367511a79.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0018.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@value": "The form of the head (as far as can be determined) and the pattern of the border indicate a monumental stone of Lindqvist’s ʻAbschnittʼ C, and the design of its interlace pattern and the horizontal partition of the field of the stone’s head is particularly reminiscent of prominent stones of the Lärbro group (GP 253 Lärbro St. Hammars I and GP 255 Lärbro St. Hammars III). Lindqvist dated these picture stones to around AD 700 or the early 8th century, but according to Eshleman (1983), the Lärbro group was strongly influenced by the art of the Carolingian Renaissance and therefore instead should be dated to the period between AD 790 and 840. Archaeological excavations at Type C picture stone sites point to around AD 800 as well (Andreeff 2012). Some runic inscriptions on picture stones of Type C, however, have been dated to between AD 850 and 900 (Gustavson 2012, p. 112 with references), and the runes on the monument GP 244 Lokrume kyrka, which also belongs to Lindqvist’s Lärbro group, might even date to the second half of the 10th century (Källström 2012, p. 127). \n\nIt is important to highlight the additional partition of the upper image panel by vertical dividers as an obvious characteristic of Stenkyrka kyrka 11 (Oehrl 2019a, p. 212). A similar treatment is found only once among the Gotlandic picture stones of the ʻAbschnittʼ C– E, namely in the complete monumental stone GP 570 Stenkyrka kyrkogården, which was found in 2007 during excavation work on the churchyard of Stenkyrka. The vertical division of the stone’s head found in both monuments could go back to the design of Romanesque tympana that might be considered as models for picture stones of Type C/D (ibid.; Arrhenius 1970; Andrén 1989, pp. 292–293). These tympana often are heraldically partitioned by vertical picture elements, such as a column, a tree, or Christ in the mandorla. Due to the fact that both picture stones are from the church at Stenkyrka and closely linked by the unusual arrangement of the images in the stone’s head, they might be assigned to the same workshop or school. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2299", "value_resource_id": 2299, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2299", "display_title": "GP 253 Lärbro Stora Hammars I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/d633dfb0db357f71c420b161a1e48e1024726ee9.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0253", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2301", "value_resource_id": 2301, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2301", "display_title": "GP0255", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/06d71382f9e2e7afbba6c943ad4eb2645c62c49e.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0255.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2290", "value_resource_id": 2290, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2290", "display_title": "GP 244 Lokrume kyrka", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/8bfebd3965015e2868ab4f17511bb2f16da86821.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0244.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2614", "value_resource_id": 2614, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2614", "display_title": "GP 570 Stenkyrka kyrkogården", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/282956bd61ab43652d6cd457dfb39345018c2f02.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0570.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:shapeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:3", "property_id": 305, "property_label": "Lindqvist Shape", "is_public": true, "@value": "Tall stone" } ], "ai2:typeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:2", "property_id": 303, "property_label": "Lindqvist Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "C/D (ca. 700-1000)" } ], "ai2:runicInscriptionYesNo": [ { "type": "customvocab:5", "property_id": 317, "property_label": "Runic Inscription or not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:references": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 288, "property_label": "References", "is_public": true, "@value": "Oehrl 2019a, pp. 210–214, pls. 237a–244b. " } ], "ai2:gotlandsmuseumID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 312, "property_label": "Gotlands Museum ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "GFC10798" } ], "ai2:model3D": [ { "type": "resource:item", "property_id": 344, "property_label": "3D model", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/4964", "value_resource_id": 4964, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/4964", "display_title": "3D model for GP0433", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/application/asset/thumbnails/default.png", "thumbnail_title": "GP0433_RGB.nxz", "thumbnail_type": "application/octet-stream" } ], "ai2:jpID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 308, "property_label": "Jan Peder Lamm ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "239" } ], "ai2:summarySwedish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@value": "Fyndplats \nPåträffad under restaureringen av Stenkyrka kyrka 1955. \n\nNuvarande förvaringsplats \nGotlands Museum, Magasin Visborg. \n\nBeskrivning \nDet handlar om ett fragment av huvudpartiet på en typisk svampformad bildsten. Fragmentet är omkring 0.77 m högt och 0.57 m brett och utgör ungefär hälften av stenens huvud. Hela monumentet var antagligen flera meter högt. \n\nDen bevarade delen av ytan visar två bildfält respektive två rum eller kammare jämsides med varandra. En bunden människa befinner sig på vänstra sidan och flera ormar eller maskar (och en rovfågel?) på högra sidan. \n\nDatering \nDen här bildstentypen dateras till 700-talet eller mellan omkring år 800 och 900-talet e.Kr. (vikingatid). \n\nTolkning \nMänniskor som är omgivna och hotade av ormar eller maskar förekommer flera gånger på de gotländska bildstenarna. Se GP 209 Klinte Hunninge I, GP 397 Stenkyrka Smiss I, GP 18 Ardre kyrka VI och GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII. Vanligen tolkas de antingen enligt bakgrunden till sagan om niflungarna – som hjälten Gunnar som fjättrades av hunnerna och dog i ormgropen – eller som guden Loke som enligt Snorri Sturlussons prosaiska Edda bestraffades av asarna. Loke var bunden i en grotta och plågades av en giftorm fram till världens undergång. Men möjligtvis handlar det istället om en bestraffningsplats för brottslingar i dödsriket, påverkad av det kristna helvetet. En sådan hinsides bestraffningsplats med ormar omtalas i Eddakvädet Vǫluspá (Völvans spådom). \n\nSO " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2255", "value_resource_id": 2255, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2255", "display_title": "GP0209", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/0e23943917d457212ccf0fc888de9f993ebb9778.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0209.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2442", "value_resource_id": 2442, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2442", "display_title": "GP0397", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/798a73062f0eba6b00029bc4865ce36e1df5e242.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0397.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2065", "value_resource_id": 2065, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2065", "display_title": "GP 18 Ardre kyrka VI", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/7c26c13dd3c7dc94bae96570012d632367511a79.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0018.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2068", "value_resource_id": 2068, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2068", "display_title": "GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/559bf4735a777ba206c0713bc3a7018d9174aacf.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0021.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:iconography": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "human figure" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "man" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "woman" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "circle" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "tunic" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "long hair" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "serpent" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "bird" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "ring" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "fetters" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "Gunnar" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "Gunnar in the snake-pit" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "Loki" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "bird of prey" } ], "ai2:findLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 289, "property_label": "Coordinate Find Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6411166" } ], "ai2:findLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 290, "property_label": "Coordinate Find Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "709898" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 295, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6390259" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 296, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "695514" } ], "@reverse": { "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2614", "o:title": "GP 570 Stenkyrka kyrkogården" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2607", "o:title": "GP 563 Väte kyrka 2" } ], "ai2:interpretations": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2614", "o:title": "GP 570 Stenkyrka kyrkogården" } ], "ai2:modelVisualizes": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/4964", "o:title": "3D model for GP0433" } ] }, "o-module-mapping:marker": [ { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/mapping_markers/300", "@type": "o-module-mapping:Marker", "o:id": 300, "o:item": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2478", "o:id": 2478 }, "o:media": null, "o-module-mapping:lat": 57.793225555984826, "o-module-mapping:lng": 18.531656617855674, "o-module-mapping:label": null } ] }, { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2123", "@type": [ "o:Item", "dctype:PhysicalObject" ], "o:id": 2123, "o:is_public": true, "o:owner": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/users/1", "o:id": 1 }, "o:resource_class": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_classes/32", "o:id": 32 }, "o:resource_template": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resource_templates/2", "o:id": 2 }, "o:thumbnail": null, "o:title": "GP 76 Eskelhem kyrka", "thumbnail_display_urls": { "large": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/large/24f4784ba423c11154a92b868d8ea9f36f67dfe8.jpg", "medium": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/medium/24f4784ba423c11154a92b868d8ea9f36f67dfe8.jpg", "square": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/24f4784ba423c11154a92b868d8ea9f36f67dfe8.jpg" }, "o:created": { "@value": "2023-03-07T10:42:09+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:modified": { "@value": "2025-10-24T11:02:54+00:00", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" }, "o:primary_media": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4011", "o:id": 4011 }, "o:media": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4011", "o:id": 4011 }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4066", "o:id": 4066 }, { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/media/4067", "o:id": 4067 } ], "o:item_set": [], "o:site": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/sites/2", "o:id": 2 } ], "dcterms:title": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 1, "property_label": "Title", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP 76 Eskelhem kyrka" } ], "dcterms:identifier": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 10, "property_label": "Identifier", "is_public": true, "@value": "GP0076" } ], "ai2:urlLinks": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 316, "property_label": "Links", "is_public": true, "@id": "https://omeka.gotlandsmuseum.se/3DHop/GP0076.html", "o:label": "3D-model" }, { "type": "uri", "property_id": 316, "property_label": "Links", "is_public": true, "@id": "https://app.raa.se/open/arkivsok/results?arkiv_samling=Sune%20Lindqvist%20-%20Prim%C3%A4rmaterial%20Gotlands%20Bildsteine&searchtype=filter&page=0&pagesize=25", "o:label": "ATA" } ], "ai2:ksamsok": [ { "type": "uri", "property_id": 346, "property_label": "K-Samsök", "is_public": true, "@id": "\thttp://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/lamning/ca8e0053-5729-4c29-a702-5ae33346ef9a", "o:label": "K-Samsök" } ], "ai2:findLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 280, "property_label": "Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Eskelhem church" } ], "ai2:findLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:7", "property_id": 318, "property_label": "Find Context Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Church" } ], "ai2:findLocationParish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 293, "property_label": "Parish Find Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Eskelhem" } ], "ai2:findingPlaceName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 292, "property_label": "Finding Place Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Eskelhem kyrka" } ], "ai2:findLocationContext": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 291, "property_label": "Find Context", "is_public": true, "@value": "Återfunnen i kyrkans korgolv" } ], "ai2:presentLocation": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 281, "property_label": "Present Location", "is_public": true, "@value": "Inside the church, secondarily used in the floor of the choir." } ], "ai2:presentLocationClassification": [ { "type": "customvocab:6", "property_id": 332, "property_label": "Present Location Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "Church" }, { "type": "customvocab:6", "property_id": 332, "property_label": "Present Location Classification", "is_public": true, "@value": "In-Loco" } ], "ai2:presentLocationName": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 314, "property_label": "Present Location Name", "is_public": true, "@value": "Eskelhem kyrka" } ], "ai2:contextAndDiscovery": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 282, "property_label": "Context and Discovery", "is_public": true, "@value": "The fragment was identified by Beata Böttger-Niedenzu in 1984. In 1982, she submitted her master’s thesis on Gotland’s picture stones to the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, and during the years 1981 to 1985, she visited the Gotlandic rural churches, discovering not fewer than 38 previously unknown picture stones, which she published in a brief catalogue in 1988. The Eskelhem fragment is incorporated into the floor of the choir, in front of the steps to the altar, near to the southern wall. It lies right next to (i.e., south of) the grave slab of the priest Halvid, who died 1338. According to the 1976 inventory, there are two picture stone fragments in the church, which is obviously wrong. \n\nLagerlöf and Svahnström 1991, pp. 121–122) outline the building history of the church as follows: The first known church on the site was a wooden church, the foundations of which have been found under the floor of the current nave. The wooden church was replaced around 1200 by a Romanesque stone church consisting of a nave and a choir with an apse, parts of which have been preserved under the floor. The nave of this church is still standing. In the middle of the 13th century, the tower was added to the west. The new Gothic choir was built in the middle of the 14th century (in “Sveriges Kyrkor”; however, it is dated to around 1270, see Roosval 1942, pp.195–217). " } ], "ai2:measurementsMaterialAndCondition": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 283, "property_label": "Measurements, Material and Condition", "is_public": true, "@value": "The fragment represents the upper part of a large, originally mushroom-shaped picture stone, which has been trimmed to an approximately rectangular shape and now measures about 1.15 x 0.95 m. The surface of the relatively dark limestone slab has been heavily rubbed by footsteps and is correspondingly smooth. In part, the original relief depictions have been almost destroyed as a result, but in places they are quite well preserved and recognizable. In 2015, a heavy candlestick rested on the picture stone and left deep scratches. " } ], "ai2:dimensionsHeight": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 298, "property_label": "Height", "is_public": true, "@value": "115" } ], "ai2:dimensionsWidth": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 299, "property_label": "Width", "is_public": true, "@value": "100" } ], "ai2:material": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 301, "property_label": "Material", "is_public": true, "@value": "Limestone" } ], "ai2:descriptionOfOrnamentAndImages": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@value": "On the rectangular slab, the image fields of the head and neck of the picture stone are completely preserved, including the inner frame line; in places, parts of the framing interlace border can also be seen. Böttger-Niedenzu, who examined the stone in 1984, describes the remaining carvings in detail and provides drawings of two of the panels (which in her terminology are called ʻzonesʼ) (1988, pp. 6–7, drawing 2 [zone 2] and 3 [zone 3]), while photos of them and photos of the depictions traced on transparent foil are kept in ATA. \n\n“Preserved are the head of the picture stone, divided into 2 zones (hereafter called zone 1 and zone 2), and the upper part of the body of the picture stone [i.e., the neck] with two zones (hereafter called zone 3 and zone 4), of zone 4 only the upper left corner is preserved. [...] \n\nZone 1: A triangular element hovers at the left edge. Below it a rectangular object is located. To the right of both stands a male person, facing the centre of the zone. On the right half another man. Possibly a third person between the two men. \n\nZone 2: In the left part a rectangular area (house?), in the lower left corner of which a man is sitting with his face turned inwards. Immediately in front of him either another person or an object held upright by him. To the right of the centre of the house-like area, a wide-framed rectangle, possibly with loops in it. Outside the house-like area at the right edge of the zone the back part of an animal (horse?) facing left. Centre of zone heavily worn. \n\nZone 3: […] The right half is occupied by a horse with rider facing left. One of the horse’s forelegs is bent backwards. There are acute triangles between the front and the hind legs. A band encircles the two triangles and connects them, looping into a large knot below the horse’s belly. A triangular element (possibly interlocking triangles) hovers above the horse’s neck. The rider has a stick-like object (spear?) on his shoulder. Behind the rider’s back is possibly another triangular structure. The left half of the zone is heavily worn towards the edge border. Towards the centre of the stone, facing the horse, a standing female person (recognisable by her hairstyle and clothing) is seen holding an unidentifiable object towards the horse in one hand and holding a similarly unidentifiable object in the other hand at the level of the horse’s chest.” \n\nNo carvings have survived in the small part preserved from panel 4. On the horizontal band between panels 3 and 4, which is formed by two parallel lines, a runic inscription is placed (s. VIII). The horizontal border separating the second and third panels is framed by two double lines and filled with a zigzag or rhombus pattern. The first and second panels appear to be separated only by a single horizontal line. Based on the RTI technique in particular, Oehrl (2019, pp. 278–279, figs. 334a–338c) was able to confirm most of the elements described by Böttger-Niedenzu and improve her results in one point: The figure on the left of the second panel holds a large ring in his outstretched hand and is facing a structure reminiscent of a building with a door frame and domed roof, similar to the one on GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII and GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I (ibid. figs. 337a–b, 338c). " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2068", "value_resource_id": 2068, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2068", "display_title": "GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/559bf4735a777ba206c0713bc3a7018d9174aacf.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0021.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 284, "property_label": "Description of Ornament and Images", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2052", "value_resource_id": 2052, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2052", "display_title": "GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/ad15c2e35b95a984bf0f785567b10cfd346dc922.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0005.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:interpretations": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@value": "Regarding the eschatological interpretation of the horseman and woman motif on Viking Period Gotlandic picture stones, see in particular GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III. As for the ring bearer in the second panel of the head, refer to GP 258 Lärbro Tängelgårda I, on which a ring symbolism may be connected with Old Norse skaldic poetry. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2435", "value_resource_id": 2435, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2435", "display_title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/1a0f811d100f91402796fd53985ba29b1d786c49.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0390.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 285, "property_label": "Interpretation of the Imagery", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2304", "value_resource_id": 2304, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2304", "display_title": "GP0258", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/77873047d434a760273ee33746e1e5a43285e370.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0258.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:typeAndDating": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@value": "Tall late-type picture stone, ʻAbschnittʼ C/D according to Lindqvist’s typology. Those monuments can roughly be dated to between the 8th century (or around AD 800) and the 10th century. An important clue to the closer dating of the stone is provided by the runes (see VIII), which can partly be classified as short-branch runes whose emergence cannot be dated to before AD 800. The arrangement of the imagery on the Eskelhem stone is remarkable: the head field shows two panels with unusual figural representations, while the horseman and woman motif appear below the head. This atypical division and placement of the images can occasionally be observed in the so-called Lärbro group, see GP 255 Lärbro St. Hammars III. The knotted element under the horse is reminiscent of the depictions of GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII and GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I. " }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2301", "value_resource_id": 2301, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2301", "display_title": "GP0255", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/06d71382f9e2e7afbba6c943ad4eb2645c62c49e.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0255.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2068", "value_resource_id": 2068, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2068", "display_title": "GP 21 Ardre kyrka VIII", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/559bf4735a777ba206c0713bc3a7018d9174aacf.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0021.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" }, { "type": "resource", "property_id": 287, "property_label": "Type and Dating", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2052", "value_resource_id": 2052, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/2052", "display_title": "GP 5 Alskog Tjängvide I", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/files/square/ad15c2e35b95a984bf0f785567b10cfd346dc922.jpg", "thumbnail_title": "GP0005.jpg", "thumbnail_type": "image/jpeg" } ], "ai2:shapeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:3", "property_id": 305, "property_label": "Lindqvist Shape", "is_public": true, "@value": "Tall stone" } ], "ai2:typeLindqvist": [ { "type": "customvocab:2", "property_id": 303, "property_label": "Lindqvist Type", "is_public": true, "@value": "C/D (ca. 700-1000)" } ], "ai2:runicInscriptionYesNo": [ { "type": "customvocab:5", "property_id": 317, "property_label": "Runic Inscription or not", "is_public": true, "@value": "No" } ], "ai2:references": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 288, "property_label": "References", "is_public": true, "@value": "Böttger-Niedenzu 1988, pp. 5–7, drawings 2–3, figs. 3–4; Oehrl 2019a, pp. 278–280, figs. 339a–d; Källström 2020, pp. 139–140, fig. 7. " } ], "ai2:fornsokID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 310, "property_label": "Fornsök ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "L1977:6341" } ], "ai2:raaID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 307, "property_label": "RAÄ ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "Eskelhem 52:2" } ], "ai2:model3D": [ { "type": "resource:item", "property_id": 344, "property_label": "3D model", "is_public": true, "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/4609", "value_resource_id": 4609, "value_resource_name": "items", "url": "/s/index/item/4609", "display_title": "3D model for GP0076", "thumbnail_url": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/application/asset/thumbnails/default.png", "thumbnail_title": "GP0076_RGB.nxz", "thumbnail_type": "application/octet-stream" } ], "ai2:jpID": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 308, "property_label": "Jan Peder Lamm ID", "is_public": true, "@value": "401" } ], "ai2:dateOfDiscovery": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 302, "property_label": "Year of Discovery", "is_public": true, "@value": "1984" } ], "ai2:summarySwedish": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 327, "property_label": "Swedish Summary", "is_public": true, "@value": "Fyndplats \nBildstenen upptäcktes 1984, liggande i korgolvet framför trappstegen till altaret. \n\nNuvarande lokalisering \nSamma placering som 1984. \n\nBeskrivning \nÖvre delen av en stor svampformig bildsten (period C/D), med bevarad längd 115 cm och bredd 95 cm. Kantdekor och horisontell dekor bevarad, liksom fyra bildfält. I det översta bildfältet två eller möjligen tre stående män samt ett trekantigt och ett rektangulärt föremål. I det andra bildfältet till vänster en rektangel (hus?) med en sittande man och en människa eller ett föremål framför honom. Till höger en rektangel med möjliga slingor. Till höger om denna rektangel delar av ett djur (häst) som riktar sig mot vänster. I det tredje bildfältet en stående kvinna med föremål i båda hennes händer. Hon riktar sig åt höger mot en ryttare med möjligen ett spjut på skuldran. Trianglar är placerade mellan både framben och bakben på hästen och trianglarna är förbundna med en stor knut under hästens buk. Troligen ytterligare en triangel över hästens nacke. Inga bilder finns på den lilla bevarade delen av det fjärde bildfältet. \n\nInskrift \nI det horisontella bandet mellan bildfält 3 och 4 spår av en runinskrift. \n\nDatering \nKan inte dateras med säkerhet, men tillhör perioden 800-900-talen \n\nTolkning \nBilden av en ryttare som möts av en kvinna brukar tolkas som ett Valhallsmotiv \n\nAA " } ], "ai2:iconography": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "polygon" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "man" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "building" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "quadruped" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "horse" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "rider" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "spear" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "woman" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "dress" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "long hair" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "ring" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "triangle" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "rectangle" }, { "type": "literal", "property_id": 324, "property_label": "Iconographic Keywords", "is_public": true, "@value": "valkyrie" } ], "ai2:findLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 289, "property_label": "Coordinate Find Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6376452" } ], "ai2:findLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 290, "property_label": "Coordinate Find Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "692396" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLat": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 295, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (lat)", "is_public": true, "@value": "6376452" } ], "ai2:presentLocationCoordinatesLon": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 296, "property_label": "Coordinate Present Location (long)", "is_public": true, "@value": "692396" } ], "ai2:lastInspected": [ { "type": "literal", "property_id": 315, "property_label": "Last Inspected", "is_public": true, "@value": "12.08.2022 (Cecilia Ljung)" } ], "@reverse": { "ai2:runicContextComments": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/2435", "o:title": "GP 390 Stenkyrka Lillbjärs III" } ], "ai2:modelVisualizes": [ { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/resources/4609", "o:title": "3D model for GP0076" } ] }, "o-module-mapping:marker": [ { "@context": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api-context", "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/mapping_markers/94", "@type": "o-module-mapping:Marker", "o:id": 94, "o:item": { "@id": "http://gotlandicpicturestones.se/api/items/2123", "o:id": 2123 }, "o:media": null, "o-module-mapping:lat": 57.48975249483482, "o-module-mapping:lng": 18.210109510265056, "o-module-mapping:label": null } ] } ]